{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T20:19:09Z","timestamp":1790108349238,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["LY22H180006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LY22H180006"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["LY21E050020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LY21E050020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The ankle joint is one of the important joints of the human body to maintain the ability to walk. Diseases such as stroke and ankle osteoarthritis could weaken the body\u2019s ability to control joints, causing people\u2019s gait to be out of balance. Ankle\u2013foot orthoses can assist users with neuro\/muscular or ankle injuries to restore their natural gait. Currently, passive ankle\u2013foot orthoses are mostly designed to fix the ankle joint and provide support for walking. With the development of materials, sensing, and control science, semi-active orthoses that release mechanical energy to assist walking when needed and can store the energy generated by body movement in elastic units, as well as active ankle\u2013foot orthoses that use external energy to transmit enhanced torque to the ankle, have received increasing attention. This article reviews the development process of ankle\u2013foot orthoses and proposes that the integration of new ankle\u2013foot orthoses with rehabilitation technologies such as monitoring or myoelectric stimulation will play an important role in reducing the walking energy consumption of patients in the study of human-in-the-loop models and promoting neuro\/muscular rehabilitation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22176596","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T03:55:38Z","timestamp":1662004538000},"page":"6596","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Research and Development of Ankle\u2013Foot Orthoses: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8397-1491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Congcong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310016, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaitai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3439-3733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuesong","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2016.09.040","article-title":"Prevalence and prevention of cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus","volume":"113","author":"Pitchai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacol. 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