{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T04:04:36Z","timestamp":1780718676846,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ICARUS\u2014EXCELLENCE\/0918\/0365","award":["#840854"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#840854"]}]},{"name":"the Republic of Cyprus and the European Regional Development Fund","award":["#840854"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#840854"]}]},{"name":"the European H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Individual Fellowship (MSCA-IF)","award":["#840854"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#840854"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The rapid growth of wireless spectrum access through cellular and IoT devices, for example, requires antennas with more capabilities such as being conformal and self-adapting beamforming. In this paper, the adaptive beamforming patterns of microstrip patch antenna arrays on changing flexible (or conformal) curved surfaces are developed by deriving array coefficients based on the projection method that includes the mutual coupling between elements. A linear four-element microstrip patch antenna array is then embedded on two deformed conformal surfaces to investigate the projection method for desired beamforming patterns. The generated beamforming radiation patterns using the computed weighting coefficients are validated with theoretical equations evaluated in MATLAB, full-wave simulations in HFSS and measurement results. The measured results of the fabricated system agree with the simulated results. Furthermore, new guidelines are provided on the effects of mutual coupling and changing conformal surfaces for various beam-forming patterns. Such demonstrations pave the way to an efficient and robust conformal phased-array antenna with multiple beam forming and adaptive nulling capabilities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22176616","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,2]],"date-time":"2022-09-02T00:19:01Z","timestamp":1662077941000},"page":"6616","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Beamforming with 1 \u00d7 N Conformal Arrays"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8909-2447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irfan","family":"Ullah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2575-7275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin D.","family":"Braaten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8694-5341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adnan","family":"Iftikhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Symeon","family":"Nikolaou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Frederick Research Center, Nicosia 1303, Cyprus"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Computer Engineering and Informatics, Frederick University, Nicosia 1036, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4266-0309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitris E.","family":"Anagnostou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Signals, Sensors and Systems, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Balanis, C.A. 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