{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T17:08:41Z","timestamp":1783184921167,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,3]],"date-time":"2022-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"EU-funded project THREAT-ARREST","award":["H2020-786890"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2020-786890"]}]},{"name":"EU-funded project THREAT-ARREST","award":["8434000041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8434000041"]}]},{"name":"Northrop Grumman Master Agreement fund provided to KU-C2PS for the project \u201cCustomization of Cyber-Physical Systems Testing\u201d","award":["H2020-786890"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2020-786890"]}]},{"name":"Northrop Grumman Master Agreement fund provided to KU-C2PS for the project \u201cCustomization of Cyber-Physical Systems Testing\u201d","award":["8434000041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8434000041"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The application of emerging technologies, such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), entails risks that need to be addressed to ensure secure and trustworthy socio-technical infrastructures. Machine Learning (ML), the most developed subfield of AI, allows for improved decision-making processes. However, ML models exhibit specific vulnerabilities that conventional IT systems are not subject to. As systems incorporating ML components become increasingly pervasive, the need to provide security practitioners with threat modeling tailored to the specific AI-ML pipeline is of paramount importance. Currently, there exist no well-established approach accounting for the entire ML life-cycle in the identification and analysis of threats targeting ML techniques. In this paper, we propose an asset-centered methodology\u2014STRIDE-AI\u2014for assessing the security of AI-ML-based systems. We discuss how to apply the FMEA process to identify how assets generated and used at different stages of the ML life-cycle may fail. By adapting Microsoft\u2019s STRIDE approach to the AI-ML domain, we map potential ML failure modes to threats and security properties these threats may endanger. The proposed methodology can assist ML practitioners in choosing the most effective security controls to protect ML assets. We illustrate STRIDE-AI with the help of a real-world use case selected from the TOREADOR H2020 project.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22176662","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T04:18:32Z","timestamp":1662610712000},"page":"6662","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Modeling Threats to AI-ML Systems Using STRIDE"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4024-1015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lara","family":"Mauri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9557-6496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ernesto","family":"Damiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Center for Cyber-Physical Systems, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Steps Toward Robust Artificial Intelligence","volume":"38","author":"Dietterich","year":"2017","journal-title":"AI Mag."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Hernan, S., Lambert, S., Ostwald, T., and Shostack, A. 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