{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T13:12:59Z","timestamp":1769519579916,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,3]],"date-time":"2022-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province of China","award":["LH2019E073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LH2019E073"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province of China","award":["SC2020ZX17B0009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SC2020ZX17B0009"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province of China","award":["zd-2020-46"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["zd-2020-46"]}]},{"name":"Major Science and Technology Special Projects of  \u2019Hundred, Thousand and Ten Thousand Talents Project\u2019 in Heilongjiang Province of China","award":["LH2019E073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LH2019E073"]}]},{"name":"Major Science and Technology Special Projects of  \u2019Hundred, Thousand and Ten Thousand Talents Project\u2019 in Heilongjiang Province of China","award":["SC2020ZX17B0009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SC2020ZX17B0009"]}]},{"name":"Major Science and Technology Special Projects of  \u2019Hundred, Thousand and Ten Thousand Talents Project\u2019 in Heilongjiang Province of China","award":["zd-2020-46"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["zd-2020-46"]}]},{"name":"Guiding Science and Technology Plan Project in Daqing City of China","award":["LH2019E073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LH2019E073"]}]},{"name":"Guiding Science and Technology Plan Project in Daqing City of China","award":["SC2020ZX17B0009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SC2020ZX17B0009"]}]},{"name":"Guiding Science and Technology Plan Project in Daqing City of China","award":["zd-2020-46"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["zd-2020-46"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To improve the seeding motor control performance of electric-driven seeding (EDS), a genetic particle swarm optimization (GAPSO)-optimized fuzzy PID control strategy for electric-driven seeding was designed. Since the parameters of the fuzzy controller were difficult to determine, two quantization factors were applied to the input of the fuzzy controller, and three scaling factors were introduced into the output of fuzzy controller. Genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) were combined into GAPSO by a genetic screening method. GAPSO was introduced to optimize the initial values of the two quantization factors, three scaling factors, and three characteristic functions before updating. The simulation results showed that the maximum overshoot of the GAPSO-based fuzzy PID controller system was 0.071%, settling time was 0.408 s, and steady-state error was 3.0693 \u00d7 10\u22125, which indicated the excellent control performance of the proposed strategy. Results of the field experiment showed that the EDS had better performance than the ground wheel chain sprocket seeding (GCSS). With a seeder operating speed of 6km\/h, the average qualified index (Iq) was 95.83%, the average multiple index (Imult) was 1.11%, the average missing index (Imiss) was 3.23%, and the average precision index (Ip) was 14.64%. The research results provide a reference for the parameter tuning mode of the fuzzy PID controller for EDS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22176678","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T04:18:32Z","timestamp":1662610712000},"page":"6678","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["GAPSO-Optimized Fuzzy PID Controller for Electric-Driven Seeding"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9177-501X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Song","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1708-0839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shujuan","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Software, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.2020.1797621","article-title":"Task demand changes motor control strategies in vertical jumping","volume":"53","author":"Cushion","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mot. Behav."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3889","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-020-05228-5","article-title":"A new fusion of ASO with SA algorithm and its applications to MLP training and DC motor speed control","volume":"46","author":"Erdal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arab. J. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMM.568-570.775","article-title":"Research on DC motor intelligent control algorithm","volume":"462\u2013463","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Mech. Mater."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"57","article-title":"DC motor speed control of annual-ring measuring instrument based on variable universe fuzzy control algorithm","volume":"35","author":"Yao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trans. CSAE"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2766","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2021.3078663","article-title":"Fast and precise control for the vibration amplitude of an ultrasonic transducer based on fuzzy PID control","volume":"68","author":"Du","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"17","article-title":"Double closed-loop fuzzy PID control method for tractor body leveling on hilly and mountainous areas","volume":"50","author":"Qi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trans. CSAM"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8874385","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8874385","article-title":"Optimization of modified Yagi-Uda nanoantenna arrays using adaptive fuzzy GPSO","volume":"2021","author":"Santos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"71","article-title":"Design on optimization control system and experiment of variable nitrogen application in winter wheat based on fuzzy PID control","volume":"47","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trans. CSAM"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s42835-021-00892-5","article-title":"A second-order sliding method observer optimized by neural network for speed and position estimation of PMSMs","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Electr. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"103","article-title":"Rapid-response PID control technology based on generalized regression neural network for multi-user water distribution of irrigation system head","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trans. CSAE"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"356","article-title":"Synchronous control system of tractor attitude in hills and mountains based on neural network PID","volume":"51","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trans. CSAM"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"15","article-title":"Steering neural network PID control for tracked vehicle with hydrostatic drive","volume":"41","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trans. CSAM"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1007\/s40031-021-00656-9","article-title":"Whale optimization algorithm optimized fuzzy-PID plus PID hybrid controller for frequency regulation in hybrid power system","volume":"103","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Inst. Eng. Ser. B"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"261","article-title":"Research on intelligent irrigation control strategy based on SOA optimizing PID control parameters","volume":"51","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trans. CSAM"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10211","DOI":"10.3233\/JIFS-201675","article-title":"Research on the tension control method of lithium battery electrode mill based on GA optimized fuzzy PID","volume":"40","author":"Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Intell. Fuzzy Syst."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-015-9622-1","article-title":"Experiment and vibration suppression algorithm for high-branch pruning manipulator based on fuzzy PID with improved PSO","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trans. CSAE"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"208","article-title":"Optimization of meshing motor structure parameters based on genetic algorithm","volume":"1","author":"Lv","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trans. CSAM"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189527","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3031002","article-title":"A hybrid leader selection strategy for many-objective particle swarm optimization","volume":"8","author":"Leung","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leung, M., Ng, S., Cheung, C., and Lui, A. (2015, January 24\u201328). A new algorithm on PSO for multi-objective optimization. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computing, Sendai, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/CEC.2015.7257283"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhaskar, M.S., Padmanaban, S., Blaabjerg, F., Norum, L.E., and Ertas, A.H. (2016, January 14\u201317). 4Nx non-Isolated and non-Inverting hybrid interleaved multilevel boost converter based on VLSIm Cell and Cockcroft Walton voltage multiplier for renewable energy applications. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Drives and Energy Systems (PEDES), Trivandrum, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/PEDES.2016.7914529"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"13","article-title":"Design and experimental study of the control system for precision seed-metering device","volume":"7","author":"Zhai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Agric. Biol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"51","article-title":"Design and test of electronic control seeding system for maize","volume":"48","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trans. CSAM"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2017.01.028","article-title":"Development of an electric-driven control system for a precision seeder based on a closed-loop PID algorithm","volume":"136","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2017.11.035","article-title":"Development of an electro-mechanic control system for seed-metering unit of single seed corn seeders Part I: Design and laboratory simulation","volume":"144","author":"Anil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"95","article-title":"Development and evaluation of a low-cost precision seeding control system for a corn drill","volume":"11","author":"Yin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Agric. Biol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"33","article-title":"Design of control system of maize precision seeding based on double closed loop PID fuzzy algorithm","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trans. CSAE"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Li, M., Jiang, W., Huang, Y., and Lin, R. (2022). A design of FPGA-based neural network PID controller for motion control system. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22030889"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, J., Zheng, R., Zhang, Y., Feng, J., Li, W., and Luo, K. (2022). CFHBA-PID algorithm: Dual-loop PID balancing robot attitude control algorithm based on complementary factor and honey badger algorithm. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22124492"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1007\/s11029-013-9314-x","article-title":"Optimization of fiber-reinforced laminates for a maximum fatigue life by using the particle swarm optimization","volume":"48","author":"Ertas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Part I. Mech. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ganesan, R., Raajini, X.M., Nayyar, A., Sanjeevikumar, P., Hossain, E., and Ertas, A.H. (2020). BOLD: Bio-inspired optimized leader election for multiple drones. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20113134"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"209","article-title":"An investigation of non-linear optimization methods on composite structures under vibration and buckling loads","volume":"5","author":"Akbulut","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Comput. Des."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/17\/6678\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:23:03Z","timestamp":1760142183000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/17\/6678"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,3]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s22176678"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22176678","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,3]]}}}