{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T23:10:26Z","timestamp":1784329826198,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,3]],"date-time":"2022-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Cybersecurity and Information Networks Centre (CINC) at Cardiff School of Technologies, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In-vehicle communication has become an integral part of today\u2019s driving environment considering the growing add-ons of sensor-centric communication and computing devices inside a vehicle for a range of purposes including vehicle monitoring, physical wiring reduction, and driving efficiency. However, related literature on cyber security for in-vehicle communication systems is still lacking potential dedicated solutions for in-vehicle cyber risks. Existing solutions are mainly relying on protocol-specific security techniques and lacking an overall security framework for in-vehicle communication. In this context, this paper critically explores the literature on cyber security for in-vehicle communication focusing on technical architecture, methodologies, challenges, and possible solutions. In-vehicle communication network architecture is presented considering key components, interfaces, and related technologies. The protocols for in-vehicle communication have been classified based on their characteristics, and usage type. Security solutions for in-vehicle communication have been critically reviewed considering machine learning, cryptography, and port-centric techniques. A multi-layer secure framework is also developed as a protocol and use case-independent in-vehicle communication solution. Finally, open challenges and future dimensions of research for in-vehicle communication cyber security are highlighted as observations and recommendations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22176679","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T04:18:32Z","timestamp":1662610712000},"page":"6679","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":136,"title":["In-Vehicle Communication Cyber Security: Challenges and Solutions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4571-1888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajkumar Singh","family":"Rathore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Cardiff School of Technologies, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff Llandaff Campus, Cardiff CF5 2YB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7593-6661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaminda","family":"Hewage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Cardiff School of Technologies, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff Llandaff Campus, Cardiff CF5 2YB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9669-8244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omprakash","family":"Kaiwartya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0862-0533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaime","family":"Lloret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communications, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5356","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2603219","article-title":"Internet of vehicles: Motivation, layered architecture, network model, challenges, and future aspects","volume":"4","author":"Kaiwartya","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2021.3051026","article-title":"Self-supervised anomaly detection for in-vehicle network using noised pseudo normal data","volume":"70","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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