{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T20:43:13Z","timestamp":1776285793422,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Priorities funding program"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Resource constraint Consumer Internet of Things (CIoT) is controlled through gateway devices (e.g., smartphones, computers, etc.) that are connected to Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) servers or cloud regulated by a third party. Recently Machine Learning (ML) has been widely used in automation, consumer behavior analysis, device quality upgradation, etc. Typical ML predicts by analyzing customers\u2019 raw data in a centralized system which raises the security and privacy issues such as data leakage, privacy violation, single point of failure, etc. To overcome the problems, Federated Learning (FL) developed an initial solution to ensure services without sharing personal data. In FL, a centralized aggregator collaborates and makes an average for a global model used for the next round of training. However, the centralized aggregator raised the same issues, such as a single point of control leaking the updated model and interrupting the entire process. Additionally, research claims data can be retrieved from model parameters. Beyond that, since the Gateway (GW) device has full access to the raw data, it can also threaten the entire ecosystem. This research contributes a blockchain-controlled, edge intelligence federated learning framework for a distributed learning platform for CIoT. The federated learning platform allows collaborative learning with users\u2019 shared data, and the blockchain network replaces the centralized aggregator and ensures secure participation of gateway devices in the ecosystem. Furthermore, blockchain is trustless, immutable, and anonymous, encouraging CIoT end users to participate. We evaluated the framework and federated learning outcomes using the well-known Stanford Cars dataset. Experimental results prove the effectiveness of the proposed framework.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22186786","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T04:18:32Z","timestamp":1662610712000},"page":"6786","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Blockchain Empowered Federated Learning Ecosystem for Securing Consumer IoT Features Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5006-8527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah","family":"Alghamdi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Systems Department, College of Computer Science and Information Systems, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School, Jos\u00e9 Rizal University, Mandaluyong 1650, Philippines"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guocai","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, North China Institute of Aerospace Engineering, Langfang 065099, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8050-8431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Shorfuzzaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nawal","family":"Alsufyani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0371-0847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sultan","family":"Alyami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Department, College of Computer Science and Information Systems, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6770-9845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sujit","family":"Biswas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Digital Technologies Department, University of East London, London E16 2RD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28509","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3156591","article-title":"Blockchain Bridges Critical National Infrastructures: E-Healthcare Data Migration Perspective","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Jovanovic, B. 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