{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T01:27:12Z","timestamp":1778808432099,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie","award":["847577"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["847577"]}]},{"name":"Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie","award":["SFI\/16\/RC\/3918"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFI\/16\/RC\/3918"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001602","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["847577"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["847577"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001602","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001602","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFI\/16\/RC\/3918"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFI\/16\/RC\/3918"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001602","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ever since its discovery, the applications of Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) can be found across a range of application domains, from structural design to medical technology. This is based upon the unique and inherent characteristics such as thermal Shape Memory Effect (SME) and Superelasticity (or Pseudoelasticity). While thermal SME is used for shape morphing applications wherein temperature change can govern the shape and dimension of the SMA, Superelasticity allows the alloy to withstand a comparatively very high magnitude of loads without undergoing plastic deformation at higher temperatures. These unique properties in wearables have revolutionized the field, and from fabrics to exoskeletons, SMA has found its place in robotics and cobotics. This review article focuses on the most recent research work in the field of SMA-based smart wearables paired with robotic applications for human-robot interaction. The literature is categorized based on SMA property incorporated and on actuator or sensor-based concept. Further, use-cases or conceptual frameworks for SMA fiber in fabric for \u2018Smart Jacket\u2019 and SMA springs in the shoe soles for \u2018Smart Shoes\u2019 are proposed. The conceptual frameworks are built upon existing technologies; however, their utility in a smart factory concept is emphasized, and algorithms to achieve the same are proposed. The integration of the two concepts with the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is discussed, specifically regarding minimizing hazards for the worker\/user in Industry 5.0. The article aims to propel a discussion regarding the multi-faceted applications of SMAs in human-robot interaction and Industry 5.0. Furthermore, the challenges and the limitations of the smart alloy and the technological barriers restricting the growth of SMA applications in the field of smart wearables are observed and elaborated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22186802","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T07:05:56Z","timestamp":1662620756000},"page":"6802","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Shape Memory Alloy-Based Wearables: A Review, and Conceptual Frameworks on HCI and HRI in Industry 4.0"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3127-4982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rupal","family":"Srivastava","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Confirm Center for Smart Manufacturing, Science Foundation Ireland, V94 C928 Limerick, Ireland"},{"name":"PRISM Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon, Midlands Midwest, Athlone, N37 HD68 Co. Westmeath, Ireland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2857-6979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saeed Hamood","family":"Alsamhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Confirm Center for Smart Manufacturing, Science Foundation Ireland, V94 C928 Limerick, Ireland"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, IBB University, Ibb 70270, Yemen"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5919-0596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niall","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and Software Engineering, Technological University of the Shannon, Midlands Midwest, Athlone, N37 HD68 Co. Westmeath, Ireland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1364-5583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Declan","family":"Devine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PRISM Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon, Midlands Midwest, Athlone, N37 HD68 Co. Westmeath, Ireland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1976.10158","article-title":"Speech recognition by machine: A review","volume":"64","author":"Reddy","year":"1976","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Bass, T.A. (1985). The Eudaemonic Pie, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1145\/965105.807503","article-title":"\u201cPut-That-There\u201d: Voice and Gesture at the Graphics Interface","volume":"14","author":"Bolt","year":"1980","journal-title":"SIGGRAPH Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Q., Sum, K., and Nathan-Roberts, D. (2016, January 6\u20138). How Fitness Trackers Facilitate Health Behavior Change. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Tampa, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1177\/1541931213601247"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2017.01.025","article-title":"Probabilistic ontology based activity recognition in smart homes using Markov Logic Network","volume":"121","author":"Gayathri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Knowl. Based Syst."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1108\/IMDS-01-2018-0009","article-title":"Acceptance and use predictors of fitness wearable technology and intention to recommend","volume":"119","author":"Talukder","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ind. Manag. Data Syst."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2105482","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202105482","article-title":"Smart Materials Enabled with Artificial Intelligence for Healthcare Wearables","volume":"31","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2017.1315","article-title":"AIR Louisville: Addressing Asthma With Technology, Crowdsourcing, Cross-Sector Collaboration, and Policy","volume":"37","author":"Barrett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Aff."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22914","DOI":"10.3390\/s150922914","article-title":"Piezotronic Effect: An Emerging Mechanism for Sensing Applications","volume":"15","author":"Jenkins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1007\/s13233-021-9092-6","article-title":"Conductive Polymer Composites for Soft Tactile Sensors","volume":"29","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Macromol. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1501101","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1501101","article-title":"A wearable multiplexed silicon nonvolatile memory array using nanocrystal charge confinement","volume":"2","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21723","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.5b06629","article-title":"Construction of an Interconnected Nanostructured Carbon Black Network: Development of Highly Stretchable and Robust Elastomeric Conductors","volume":"119","author":"Bhagavatheswaran","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7901","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6b03813","article-title":"High-Performance Strain Sensors with Fish-Scale-Like Graphene-Sensing Layers for Full-Range Detection of Human Motions","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2013.242","article-title":"Elastomeric polymer light-emitting devices and displays","volume":"7","author":"Liang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2003416","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202003416","article-title":"Functionalized Mouth-Conformable Interfaces for pH Evaluation of the Oral Cavity","volume":"8","author":"Matzeu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaay9842","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aay9842","article-title":"Wireless battery-free wearable sweat sensor powered by human motion","volume":"6","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2020.112828","article-title":"A highly integrated sensing paper for wearable electrochemical sweat analysis","volume":"174","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabf4401","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abf4401","article-title":"Single-step label-free nanowell immunoassay accurately quantifies serum stress hormones within minutes","volume":"7","author":"Mahmoodi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elecom.2022.107261","article-title":"Self-adhesive and printable tannin\u2013graphene supramolecular aggregates for wearable potentiometric pH sensing","volume":"137","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Electrochem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2020.105758","article-title":"An introduction to the Cyrcadia Breast Monitor: A wearable breast health monitoring device","volume":"197","author":"Vineetha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Programs Biomed."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sohn, J.W., Kim, G.W., and Choi, S.B. (2018). A State-of-the-Art Review on Robots and Medical Devices Using Smart Fluids and Shape Memory Alloys. Appl. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/app8101928"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2013.11.084","article-title":"A review of shape memory alloy research, applications and opportunities","volume":"56","author":"Jani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2008.03.024","article-title":"Laser-machined shape memory alloy sensors for position feedback in active catheters","volume":"147","author":"Tung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105035","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665X\/aad649","article-title":"Robust fluid-structure interaction analysis of an adaptive airfoil using shape memory alloy actuators","volume":"27","author":"Machairas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-5093(99)00294-4","article-title":"An overview of NiTiNOL medical applications","volume":"273\u2013275","author":"Duerig","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03398954","article-title":"Plastic Deformation and Diffusionless Phase Changes in Metals\u2014The Gold-Cadmium Beta Phase","volume":"3","author":"Chang","year":"1951","journal-title":"JOM"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1729603","article-title":"Effect of Low-Temperature Phase Changes on the Mechanical Properties of Alloys near Composition TiNi","volume":"34","author":"Buehler","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"075027","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/21\/7\/075027","article-title":"Passive damping of composite blades using embedded piezoelectric modules or shape memory alloy wires: A comparative study","volume":"21","author":"Bachmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ast.2013.05.004","article-title":"Modelling and configuration control of wing-shaped bi-stable piezoelectric composites under aerodynamic loads","volume":"29","author":"Arrieta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aerosp. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0263-8223(02)00193-9","article-title":"Buckling control using embedded shape memory actuators and the utilisation of smart technology in future aerospace platforms","volume":"58","author":"Loughlan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1177\/1045389X18812702","article-title":"Shape memory alloy\u2013actuated prestressed composites with application to morphing automotive fender skirts","volume":"30","author":"Chillara","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2012.11.029","article-title":"Shape memory polyurethanes reinforced with carbon nanotubes","volume":"99","author":"Fonseca","year":"2013","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"281","article-title":"Assessing the morphology of selective laser melted NiTi-scaffolds for a three-dimensional quantification of the one-way shape memory effect","volume":"Volume 8689","author":"Goulbourne","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behavior and Mechanics of Multifunctional Materials and Composites 2013"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"267","article-title":"Medical and dental applications of shape memory alloys","volume":"12","author":"Miyazaki","year":"1998","journal-title":"Shape Mem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"897505","article-title":"Low Spring Index, Large Displacement Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) Coil Actuators for Use in Macro- and Micro-Systems","volume":"8975","author":"Holschuh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1177\/1045389X15596626","article-title":"Control of a shape memory alloy\u2013actuated rotary manipulator using an artificial neural network\u2013based self-sensing technique","volume":"27","author":"Narayanan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas, S., Almanza, M., and Perriard, Y. (2019, January 1\u20133). Design Analysis of a Shape Memory Alloy Bias-Spring Linear Actuator. Proceedings of the 2019 12th International Symposium on Linear Drives for Industry Applications (LDIA), Neuchatel, Switzerland.","DOI":"10.1109\/LDIA.2019.8770987"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2143","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1616377114","article-title":"High thermal conductivity in soft elastomers with elongated liquid metal inclusions","volume":"114","author":"Bartlett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213105","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4998006","article-title":"Exploiting NiTi shape memory alloy films in design of tunable high frequency microcantilever resonators","volume":"111","author":"Stachiv","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143502","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5050213","article-title":"Tunable metamaterial beam with shape memory alloy resonators: Theory and experiment","volume":"113","author":"Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"66","article-title":"Shape memory alloys in fibre-reinforced polymer composites","volume":"1","author":"Cohades","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Ind. Eng. Polym. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2012.08.011","article-title":"Shape memory alloy hybrid composites for improved impact properties for aeronautical applications","volume":"95","author":"Meo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1007\/s11633-006-0366-4","article-title":"Bio-inspired actuating system for swimming using shape memory alloy composites","volume":"3","author":"Tao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Autom. Comput."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"065006","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665X\/aabbe8","article-title":"Coupled behavior of shape memory alloy-based morphing spacecraft radiators: Experimental assessment and analysis","volume":"27","author":"Bertagne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2018.03.080","article-title":"Crack-closing performance of NiTi and NiTiNb fibers in cement mortar beams using shape memory effects","volume":"202","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2019.02.081","article-title":"Influence of thickness ratio and integrated weft yarn column numbers in shape memory alloys on the deformation behavior of adaptive fiber-reinforced plastics","volume":"215","author":"Ashir","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900548","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.201900548","article-title":"Functionally Graded Knitted Actuators with NiTi-Based Shape Memory Alloys for Topographically Self-Fitting Wearables","volume":"4","author":"Granberry","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Technol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2038","DOI":"10.1177\/1045389X15620035","article-title":"Mechanical characterization of a shape morphing smart composite with embedded shape memory alloys in a shape memory polymer matrix","volume":"27","author":"Lelieveld","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"073001","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665X\/ab8836","article-title":"A review on shape memory alloy reinforced polymer composite materials and structures","volume":"29","author":"Bhaskar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1163\/092430411X576774","article-title":"The Development of Composites with Negative Thermal Expansion Properties Using High Performance Fibers","volume":"20","author":"Hua","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"791","article-title":"Performance of Nitinol-reinforced drive shafts","volume":"1917","author":"Baz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Smart Struct. Mater. Smart Struct. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-460X(90)90760-W","article-title":"Active vibration control of flexible beams using shape memory actuators","volume":"140","author":"Baz","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"762","article-title":"Design of flexible rods with embedded SMA actuators","volume":"1917","author":"Pfaeffle","year":"1993","journal-title":"Smart Struct. Mater. Smart Struct. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1177\/1045389X9500600208","article-title":"Adaptive Composite Materials with Shape Memory Alloy Actuators for Cylinders and Pressure Vessels","volume":"6","author":"Paine","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"422","article-title":"Hybrid composite materials using shape memory alloy actuators to provide vibration and acoustic control","volume":"Volume 2190","author":"Hagood","year":"1994","journal-title":"Smart Structures and Materials 1994: Smart Structures and Intelligent Systems"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"C8-1177","article-title":"Vibration Frequency Control of a Polymer Beam Using Embedded Shape-Memory-Alloy Fibres","volume":"5","author":"Bidaux","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Phys. IV Fr."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/6\/3\/004","article-title":"Shape memory alloy actuation for active tuning of composite beams","volume":"6","author":"Epps","year":"1997","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/S0261-3069(02)00069-9","article-title":"Vibration characteristics of SMA composite beams with different boundary conditions","volume":"23","author":"Lau","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1177\/1045389X9600700407","article-title":"Material Damping Analysis of Smart Hybrid Composite Laminated Plate Structures","volume":"7","author":"Baburaj","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/14\/8\/316","article-title":"The use of plastic optical fibres and shape memory alloys for damage assessment and damping control in composite materials","volume":"14","author":"Kuang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2017.10.009","article-title":"Effect of shape memory alloy wires on the enhancement of fracture behavior of epoxy polymer","volume":"64","author":"Saeedi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2009.05.014","article-title":"Performance of self-healing epoxy with microencapsulated healing agent and shape memory alloy wires","volume":"50","author":"Kirkby","year":"2009","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cma.2019.02.019","article-title":"An adapting cohesive approach for crack-healing analysis in SMA fiber-reinforced composites","volume":"349","author":"Karimi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/15\/2\/032","article-title":"Shape memory alloys as strain sensors in composites","volume":"15","author":"Nagai","year":"2006","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"055019","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/19\/5\/055019","article-title":"Modeling of the electrical resistance of shape memory alloy wires","volume":"19","author":"Cui","year":"2010","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2013.07.006","article-title":"A nonlinear finite element model using a unified formulation for dynamic analysis of multilayer composite plate embedded with SMA wires","volume":"106","author":"Khalili","year":"2013","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morecki, A., Bianchi, G., and Kedzior, K. (1985). A New Design Method of Servo-actuators Based on the Shape Memory Effect. Theory and Practice of Robots and Manipulators, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-9882-4"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"015033","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665X\/abc56d","article-title":"Thermoelastic and vibration response analysis of shape memory alloy reinforced active bimorph composites","volume":"30","author":"Srivastava","year":"2020","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"818","article-title":"Design and development of active bimorph structure for deployable space application","volume":"Volume 10595","author":"Erturk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Active and Passive Smart Structures and Integrated Systems XII"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Srivastava, R., Kumar, R., and Bhattacharya, B. (2020, January 15). Vibration Response Studies of a Bi-Morph SMA Hybrid Composite Using 3D Laser Doppler Vibrometer. Proceedings of the Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems, Virtual, Online.","DOI":"10.1115\/SMASIS2020-2231"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2591.2000.00339.x","article-title":"An overview of nickel-titanium alloys used in dentistry","volume":"33","author":"Thompson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Kilkenny, N.S. (2011, September 05). Reinventing the Wheel, Available online: https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/specials\/wheels\/."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3233\/THC-2002-10202","article-title":"Mechanical design of a shape memory alloy actuated prosthetic hand","volume":"10","author":"Laurentis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Technol. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/16\/4\/055","article-title":"Design and control of a shape memory alloy based dexterous robot hand","volume":"16","author":"Price","year":"2007","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1017\/S026357470800458X","article-title":"A shape memory alloy-based tendon-driven actuation system for biomimetic artificial fingers, part I: Design and evaluation","volume":"27","author":"Bundhoo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Robotica"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1007\/s11665-011-9858-7","article-title":"Applicability of Shape Memory Alloy Wire for an Active, Soft Orthotic","volume":"20","author":"Stirling","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mater. Eng. Perform."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105002","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665X\/aa860d","article-title":"On the design of a miniature haptic ring for cutaneous force feedback using shape memory alloy actuators","volume":"26","author":"Hwang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chernyshov, G., Tag, B., Caremel, C., Cao, F., Liu, G., and Kunze, K. (2018, January 8\u201312). Shape Memory Alloy Wire Actuators for Soft, Wearable Haptic Devices. Proceedings of the 2018 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers (ISWC \u201918), Singapore.","DOI":"10.1145\/3267242.3267257"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.robot.2014.09.015","article-title":"Hand neuro-rehabilitation system using Nitinol spring actuators","volume":"63","author":"Garcia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Robot. Auton. Syst."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1108\/IR-01-2018-0020","article-title":"Force and motion control of a tendon-driven hand exoskeleton actuated by shape memory alloys","volume":"45","author":"Kazeminasab","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ind. Robot. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeong, J., Yasir, I.B., Han, J., Park, C.H., Bok, S.K., and Kyung, K.U. (2019). Design of Shape Memory Alloy-Based Soft Wearable Robot for Assisting Wrist Motion. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9194025"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31473","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2902939","article-title":"SMA Based Elbow Exoskeleton for Rehabilitation Therapy and Patient Evaluation","volume":"7","author":"Copaci","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.3357\/AMHP.4349.2016","article-title":"Morphing Compression Garments for Space Medicine and Extravehicular Activity Using Active Materials","volume":"87","author":"Holschuh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aerosp. Med. Hum. Perform."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9157","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-45722-x","article-title":"Suit-type Wearable Robot Powered by Shape-memory-alloy-based Fabric Muscle","volume":"9","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Copaci, D., Serrano, D., Moreno, L., and Blanco, D. (2018). A High-Level Control Algorithm Based on sEMG Signalling for an Elbow Joint SMA Exoskeleton. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201806.0313.v1"},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"Mozer, M.C. (1998). The Neural Network House: An Environment That Adapts to Its Inhabitants, AAAI. AAAI Technical Report SS-98-02."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66852","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3076750","article-title":"Voice-Activated Smart Home Controller Using Machine Learning","volume":"9","author":"Filipe","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2021.102225","article-title":"Design choices for next-generation IIoT-connected MES\/MOM: An empirical study on smart factories","volume":"73","author":"Mantravadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Robot. Comput. Integr. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smhl.2020.100164","article-title":"Real-time work environment optimization using multimodal media and body sensor network","volume":"19","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Smart Health"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119271","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3005244","article-title":"Home Energy Management System Concepts, Configurations, and Technologies for the Smart Grid","volume":"8","author":"Zafar","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"055003","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665X\/ab78b5","article-title":"Shape memory alloy actuator-embedded smart clothes for ankle assistance","volume":"29","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartkowiak, G., D\u0105browska, A., and Greszta, A. (2020). Development of Smart Textile Materials with Shape Memory Alloys for Application in Protective Clothing. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13030689"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-775720130133","article-title":"Transition temperature range of thermally activated nickel-titanium archwires","volume":"22","author":"Spini","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"Goldstein, D., Jones, R.E., and Sery, R.S. (1981). Method of Modifying the Transition Temperature Range of TiNi Base Shape Memory Alloys. (No. US4283233A), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"309","article-title":"Collaboration of UAV and HetNet for better QoS: A comparative study","volume":"5","author":"Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Veh. Inf. Commun. Syst."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4255","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.4255","article-title":"Blockchain for decentralized multi-drone to combat COVID-19 and future pandemics: Framework and proposed solutions","volume":"32","author":"Alsamhi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trans. Emerg. Telecommun. Technol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44173","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3032450","article-title":"Blockchain-Empowered Multi-Robot Collaboration to Fight COVID-19 and Future Pandemics","volume":"9","author":"Alsamhi","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"Saif, A., Dimyati, K., Noordin, K.A., Alsamhi, S.H., and Hawbani, A. (2021). Multi-UAV and SAR collaboration model for disaster management in B5G networks. Internet Technol. Lett., e310."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Evrard, P., and Kheddar, A. (2009, January 18\u201320). Homotopy switching model for dyad haptic interaction in physical collaborative tasks. Proceedings of the World Haptics 2009-Third Joint EuroHaptics Conference and Symposium on Haptic Interfaces for Virtual Environment and Teleoperator Systems, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/WHC.2009.4810879"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kheddar, A. (2011, January 19\u201321). Human-robot haptic joint actions is an equal control-sharing approach possible?. Proceedings of the 2011 4th International Conference on Human System Interactions, HSI, Yokohama, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/HSI.2011.5937377"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2013.2264533","article-title":"Human\u2013robot collaboration based on motion intention estimation","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE ASME Trans. Mech."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ewerton, M., Neumann, G., Lioutikov, R., Amor, H.B., Peters, J., and Maeda, G. (2015, January 26\u201330). Learning multiple collaborative tasks with a mixture of interaction primitives. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), Seattle, WA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2015.7139393"},{"key":"ref_103","unstructured":"Hua, W., Wang, R., and Li, L.Y. (2022, July 17). SL 2080\u2013Concept for Self-Tightening Shoes. Available online: https:\/\/willhua.design\/sl-2080-concept-for-self-tightening-shoes."},{"key":"ref_104","unstructured":"Fonte, M., and Palmer, M. (2013). Insole and Foot Orthotics Made of Shape Memory Material (smm) Three-Dimensional Spacer Fabrics. (No.: US20130291399A1), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2020.06.004","article-title":"Multi-user activity recognition: Challenges and opportunities","volume":"63","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inf. Fusion"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sahal, R., Alsamhi, S.H., Brown, K.N., O\u2019Shea, D., McCarthy, C., and Guizani, M. (2021). Blockchain-Empowered Digital Twins Collaboration: Smart Transportation Use Case. Machines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/machines9090193"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alsamhi, S.H., Shvetsor, A.V., Shvetsova, S.V., Hawbani, A., Guizan, M., Alhartomi, M.A., and Ma, O. (2022). Blockchain-Empowered Security and Energy Efficiency of Drone Swarm Consensus for Environment Exploration. IEEE Trans. Green Commun. Netw.","DOI":"10.1109\/TGCN.2022.3195479"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1109\/TGCN.2021.3132561","article-title":"Drones\u2019 Edge Intelligence over Smart Environments in B5G: Blockchain and Federated Learning Synergy","volume":"6","author":"Alsamhi","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Green Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2018.04.015","article-title":"The industrial internet of things (IIoT): An analysis framework","volume":"101","author":"Boyes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Ind."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Svertoka, E., Saafi, S., Rusu-Casandra, A., Burget, R., Marghescu, I., Hosek, J., and Ometov, A. (2021). Wearables for Industrial Work Safety: A Survey. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21113844"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1018(199909\/10)23:5<223::AID-FAM687>3.0.CO;2-K","article-title":"Shape memory alloys for use in thermally activated clothing, protection against flame and heat","volume":"23","author":"Congalton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Fire Mater."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2016.2519609","article-title":"Active Variable Stiffness Fibers for Multifunctional Robotic Fabrics","volume":"1","author":"Yuen","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s10846-016-0456-7","article-title":"Development of Wearable Wrist and Forearm Exoskeleton with Shape Memory Alloy Actuators","volume":"86","author":"Hope","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Intell. Robot. Syst."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605101","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/1605101","article-title":"New Design of a Soft Robotics Wearable Elbow Exoskeleton Based on Shape Memory Alloy Wire Actuators","volume":"2017","author":"Copaci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Bionics Biomech."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1089\/soro.2018.0020","article-title":"Hand Exo-Muscular System for Assisting Astronauts During Extravehicular Activities","volume":"6","author":"Villoslada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soft Robot."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000825","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.202000825","article-title":"Kinetically Tunable, Active Auxetic, and Variable Recruitment Active Textiles from Hierarchical Assemblies","volume":"6","author":"Granberry","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Technol."},{"key":"ref_117","unstructured":"Lee, R.Z.X. (2011, September 05). An experimental investigation of Shape Memory Sock-Shoes. Available online: https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10356\/153576."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung, W.K., Lee, S.M., Ahn, S.H., and Park, J. (2022). Development and assessment of a knitted shape memory alloy-based multifunctional elbow brace. J. Ind. Text., 15280837211056983.","DOI":"10.1177\/15280837211056983"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1108\/IR-11-2021-0262","article-title":"A lightweight variable stiffness knee exoskeleton driven by shape memory alloy","volume":"49","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ind. Robot. Int. J. Robot. Res. Appl."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/18\/6802\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:27:31Z","timestamp":1760142451000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/18\/6802"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]]},"references-count":119,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s22186802"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22186802","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]]}}}