{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T05:22:28Z","timestamp":1776489748566,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]],"date-time":"2022-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016319","name":"Cohen Veterans Bioscience","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["COH-0003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COH-0003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016319","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016319","name":"Cohen Veterans Bioscience","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MJFF-020749"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MJFF-020749"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016319","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000864","name":"Michael J Fox Foundation as part of the Parkinson\u2019s Progression Markers Initiative","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["COH-0003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COH-0003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000864","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000864","name":"Michael J Fox Foundation as part of the Parkinson\u2019s Progression Markers Initiative","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MJFF-020749"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MJFF-020749"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000864","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Now that wearable sensors have become more commonplace, it is possible to monitor individual healthcare-related activity outside the clinic, unleashing potential for early detection of events in diseases such as Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). However, the unsupervised and \u201copen world\u201d nature of this type of data collection make such applications difficult to develop. In this proof-of-concept study, we used inertial sensor data from Verily Study Watches worn by individuals for up to 23 h per day over several months to distinguish between seven subjects with PD and four without. Since motor-related PD symptoms such as bradykinesia and gait abnormalities typically present when a PD subject is walking, we initially used human activity recognition (HAR) techniques to identify walk-like activity in the unconstrained, unlabeled data. We then used these \u201cwalk-like\u201d events to train one-dimensional convolutional neural networks (1D-CNNs) to determine the presence of PD. We report classification accuracies near 90% on single 5-s walk-like events and 100% accuracy when taking the majority vote over single-event classifications that span a duration of one day. Though based on a small cohort, this study shows the feasibility of leveraging unconstrained wearable sensor data to accurately detect the presence or absence of PD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22186831","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]],"date-time":"2022-09-13T04:05:41Z","timestamp":1663041941000},"page":"6831","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Deep Learning for Daily Monitoring of Parkinson\u2019s Disease Outside the Clinic Using Wearable Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4915-656X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roozbeh","family":"Atri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cohen Veterans Bioscience, New York, NY 10018, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0478-7528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin","family":"Urban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cohen Veterans Bioscience, New York, NY 10018, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5664-0408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Marebwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Michael J Fox Foundation for Parkinson\u2019s Research, New York, NY 10163, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tanya","family":"Simuni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Tanner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"},{"name":"Parkinson\u2019s Disease Research Education and Clinical Center, San Francisco Veteran\u2019s Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Siderowf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1730-0603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Frasier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Michael J Fox Foundation for Parkinson\u2019s Research, New York, NY 10163, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magali","family":"Haas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cohen Veterans Bioscience, New York, NY 10018, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4835-4847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lee","family":"Lancashire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cohen Veterans Bioscience, New York, NY 10018, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"S3","article-title":"The Emerging Evidence of the Parkinson Pandemic","volume":"8","author":"Dorsey","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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