{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T16:34:30Z","timestamp":1778085270269,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]],"date-time":"2022-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universidad Nacional del Litoral","award":["CAID 50520190100249LI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAID 50520190100249LI"]}]},{"name":"Universidad Nacional del Litoral","award":["CAAT 03012020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAAT 03012020"]}]},{"name":"Universidad Nacional del Litoral","award":["PID2019-107910RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-107910RB-I00"]}]},{"name":"the National Spanish funding","award":["CAID 50520190100249LI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAID 50520190100249LI"]}]},{"name":"the National Spanish funding","award":["CAAT 03012020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAAT 03012020"]}]},{"name":"the National Spanish funding","award":["PID2019-107910RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-107910RB-I00"]}]},{"name":"Secretaria d\u2019Universitats i Recerca de la Generalitat de Catalunya i del Fons Social Europeu","award":["CAID 50520190100249LI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAID 50520190100249LI"]}]},{"name":"Secretaria d\u2019Universitats i Recerca de la Generalitat de Catalunya i del Fons Social Europeu","award":["CAAT 03012020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAAT 03012020"]}]},{"name":"Secretaria d\u2019Universitats i Recerca de la Generalitat de Catalunya i del Fons Social Europeu","award":["PID2019-107910RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-107910RB-I00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The simultaneous measurement of soil water content and water table levels is of great agronomic and hydrological interest. Not only does soil moisture represent the water available for plant growth but also water table levels can affect crop productivity. Furthermore, monitoring soil saturation and water table levels is essential for an early warning of extreme rainfall situations. However, the measurement of these parameters employing commercial instruments has certain disadvantages, with a high cost of purchase and maintenance. In addition, the handling of commercial devices makes it difficult to adapt them to the specific requirements of farmers or decision-makers. Open-source IoT hardware platforms are emerging as an attractive alternative to developing flexible and low-cost devices. This paper describes the design of a datalogger device based on open-source hardware platforms to register water table levels and soil moisture data for agronomic applications. The paper begins by describing energy-saving and wireless transmission techniques. Then, it summarizes the linear calibration of the phreatimeter sensor obtained with laboratory and field data. Finally, it shows how non-linear machine-learning techniques improve predictions over classical tools for the moisture sensor (SKU: SEN0193).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22186840","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]],"date-time":"2022-09-13T04:05:41Z","timestamp":1663041941000},"page":"6840","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A Low-Power IoT Device for Measuring Water Table Levels and Soil Moisture to Ease Increased Crop Yields"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9218-1846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emiliano","family":"L\u00f3pez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering and Water Sciences Department, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe S3000, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6708-2624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Vionnet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering and Water Sciences Department, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe S3000, Argentina"},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technical Research, Santa Fe S3000, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2112-8516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pau","family":"Ferrer-Cid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Architecture Department, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9738-2425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose M.","family":"Barcelo-Ordinas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Architecture Department, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5969-1182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Garcia-Vidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Architecture Department, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3158-5203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillermo","family":"Contini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering and Water Sciences Department, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe S3000, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9162-0624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Prodolliet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering and Water Sciences Department, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe S3000, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2135-0128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Maiztegui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Sciences Department, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Esperanza S3080, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Peter Wilderer, P. 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