{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:10:09Z","timestamp":1760231409891,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,10]],"date-time":"2022-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities under project RTI2018101979-B-I00 and PID2021-128898OB-I00"},{"name":"Region of Madrid under project CM\/JIN\/2021-010"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article presents the problem of passive radar vessel detection in a real coastal scenario in the presence of sea and wind farms\u2019 clutter, which are characterised by high spatial and time variability due to the influence of weather conditions. Deterministic and adaptive beamforming techniques are proposed and evaluated using real data. Key points such as interference localisation and characterisation are tackled in the passive bistatic scenario with omnidirectional illuminators that critically increase the area of potential clutter sources to areas far from the surveillance area. Adaptive beamforming approaches provide significant Signal-to-Interference improvements and important radar coverage improvements. In the presented case study, an aerial target is detected 28 km far from the passive radar receiver, fulfilling highly demanding performance requirements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22186865","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]],"date-time":"2022-09-13T04:05:41Z","timestamp":1663041941000},"page":"6865","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Adaptive Beamforming Approaches to Improve Passive Radar Performance in Sea and Wind Farms\u2019 Clutter"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9850-2943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Rosado-Sanz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Signal Theory and Communications Department, University of Alcal\u00e1, 28801 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Pilar","family":"Jarabo-Amores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Signal Theory and Communications Department, University of Alcal\u00e1, 28801 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"De la Mata-Moya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Signal Theory and Communications Department, University of Alcal\u00e1, 28801 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2933-8940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nerea","family":"Rey-Maestre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Signal Theory and Communications Department, University of Alcal\u00e1, 28801 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1049\/ip-rsn:20045077","article-title":"M radio based bistatic radar","volume":"152","author":"Howland","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Proc. 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