{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T06:49:58Z","timestamp":1762325398045,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,11]],"date-time":"2022-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Program of Important Natural Science Foundation of University in Jiangsu Province","award":["19KJA350002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19KJA350002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>When trains pass through damaged switch rails, rail head damage will change wheel\u2013rail contact states from rolling frictions to unsteady contacts, which will result in impact vibrations and threaten structural safeties. In addition, under approaching and moving away rolling contact excitations and complex wheel\u2013rail contacts, the non-stationary vibrations make it difficult to extract and analyze impact vibrations. In view of the above problems, this paper proposes a variational-mode-decomposition (VMD)-spectral-subtraction (SS)-based impact vibration extraction method. Firstly, the time domain feature analysis method is applied to calculate the time moments that the wheels pass joints, and to correct vehicle velocities. This can help estimate and confine impact vibration distribution ranges. Then, the stationary intrinsic mode function (IMF) components of the impact vibration are decomposed and analyzed with the VMD method. Finally, impact vibrations are further filtered with the SS method. For rail head damage with different dimensions, under different velocity experiments, the frequency and amplitude features of the impact vibrations are analyzed. Experimental results show that, in low-velocity scenarios, the proposed VMD\u2013SS\u2013based method can extract impact vibrations, the frequency features are mainly concentrated in 3500\u20135000 Hz, and the frequency and peak-to-peak features increase with the increase in excitation velocities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22186872","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]],"date-time":"2022-09-13T04:05:41Z","timestamp":1663041941000},"page":"6872","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Wheel-Rail Contact-Induced Impact Vibration Analysis for Switch Rails Based on the VMD-SS Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Pan","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haitao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Automation Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chunlin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COSCO SHIPPING shipyard (Nantong) Co., Ltd., Nantong 226019, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guiyun","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Automation Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2018.12.015","article-title":"Estimation of rail properties using semi-analytical finite element models and guided wave ultrasound measurements","volume":"96","author":"Setshedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Najeh, T., Lundberg, J., and Kerrouche, A. 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