{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T23:58:23Z","timestamp":1780099103383,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]],"date-time":"2022-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The accurate segmentation of the optic disc (OD) in fundus images is a crucial step for the analysis of many retinal diseases. However, because of problems such as vascular occlusion, parapapillary atrophy (PPA), and low contrast, accurate OD segmentation is still a challenging task. Therefore, this paper proposes a multiple preprocessing hybrid level set model (HLSM) based on area and shape for OD segmentation. The area-based term represents the difference of average pixel values between the inside and outside of a contour, while the shape-based term measures the distance between a prior shape model and the contour. The average intersection over union (IoU) of the proposed method was 0.9275, and the average four-side evaluation (FSE) was 4.6426 on a public dataset with narrow-angle fundus images. The IoU was 0.8179 and the average FSE was 3.5946 on a wide-angle fundus image dataset compiled from a hospital. The results indicate that the proposed multiple preprocessing HLSM is effective in OD segmentation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22186899","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]],"date-time":"2022-09-13T22:37:28Z","timestamp":1663108648000},"page":"6899","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Multiple Preprocessing Hybrid Level Set Model for Optic Disc Segmentation in Fundus Images"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6302-5318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaozhong","family":"Xue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Information and Human Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology University, Kyoto 6068585, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linni","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Retina & Neuron-Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300084, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5133-5615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weiwei","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information and Human Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology University, Kyoto 6068585, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusuke","family":"Fujiwara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information and Human Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology University, Kyoto 6068585, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2520-1170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yahui","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.53.11.721","article-title":"Blood supply of the optic nerve head and its role in optic atrophy, glaucoma, and oedema of the optic disc","volume":"53","author":"Hayreh","year":"1969","journal-title":"Br. 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