{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T02:14:28Z","timestamp":1773281668874,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]],"date-time":"2022-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Regione Toscana"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The rapid identification of beached marine micro-plastics is essential for the determination of the source of pollution and for planning the most effective strategies for remediation. In this paper, we present the results obtained by applying the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technique on a large sample of different kinds of plastics that can be found in a marine environment. The use of chemometric analytical tools allowed a rapid classification of the pellets with an accuracy greater than 80%. The LIBS spectrum and statistical tests proved their worth to quickly identify polymers, and in particular, to distinguish C-O from C-C backbone pellets, and PE from PP ones. In addition, the PCA analysis revealed a correlation between appearance (surface pellets roughness) and color (yellowing), as reported by other recent studies. The preliminary results on the analysis of metals accumulated on the surface of the pellets are also reported. The implication of these results is discussed in view of the possibility of frequent monitoring of the marine plastic pollution on the seacoast.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22186910","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]],"date-time":"2022-09-13T22:37:28Z","timestamp":1663108648000},"page":"6910","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Rapid Identification of Beached Marine Plastics Pellets Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy: A Promising Tool for the Quantification of Coastal Pollution"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Roberta","family":"Giugliano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piedmont, Liguria and the Aosta Valley (IZS PLVA), U. O. Chimico, S. S. Sezione di Genova-Portualit\u00e0, Piazza Borgo Pila 39\/int. 24, 16129 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Cocciaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche\u2014Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo-Metallici (CNR-ICCOM), U. O. S. di Pisa, Area della Ricerca del CNR, Via G. Moruzzi, 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Poggialini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche\u2014Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo-Metallici (CNR-ICCOM), U. O. S. di Pisa, Area della Ricerca del CNR, Via G. Moruzzi, 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1871-0647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Legnaioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche\u2014Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo-Metallici (CNR-ICCOM), U. O. S. di Pisa, Area della Ricerca del CNR, Via G. Moruzzi, 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6377-7656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Palleschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche\u2014Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo-Metallici (CNR-ICCOM), U. O. S. di Pisa, Area della Ricerca del CNR, Via G. Moruzzi, 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2827-5631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Locritani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Roma 2, Via di Vigna Murata 605, 00143 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4537-2903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Merlino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche\u2014Istituto di Scienze Marine (CNR-ISMAR), U. O. S. di Pozzuolo di Lerici, c\/o Forte Santa Teresa\u2014Loc. Pozzuolo di Lerici, 19032 Lerici, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e111913","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0111913","article-title":"Plastic Pollution in the World\u2019s Oceans: More than 5 Trillion Plastic Pieces Weighing over 250,000 Tons Afloat at Sea","volume":"9","author":"Eriksen","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2022, July 23). UNEP Annual Report 2021. Available online: https:\/\/www.unep.org\/annualreport\/2021\/index.php."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/0025-326X(88)90749-7","article-title":"Floating Megalitter in the Eastern Mediterranean","volume":"19","author":"McCoy","year":"1988","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2018.02.019","article-title":"Tracking Plastics in the Mediterranean: 2D Lagrangian Model","volume":"129","author":"Liubartseva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7759","DOI":"10.1021\/es071737s","article-title":"Potential for Plastics to Transport Hydrophobic Contaminants","volume":"41","author":"Teuten","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merlino, S., Locritani, M., Bernardi, G., Como, C., Legnaioli, S., Palleschi, V., and Abbate, M. (2020). Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Chemically Characterized Microplastics within the Protected Area of Pelagos Sanctuary (NW Mediterranean Sea): Focus on Natural and Urban Beaches. Water, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/w12123389"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s12302-018-0139-z","article-title":"Marine Litter Plastics and Microplastics and Their Toxic Chemicals Components: The Need for Urgent Preventive Measures","volume":"30","author":"Gallo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Eur."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2018.01.041","article-title":"The Unaccountability Case of Plastic Pellet Pollution","volume":"129","author":"Karlsson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2007.03.022","article-title":"Persistent Organic Pollutants Carried by Synthetic Polymers in the Ocean Environment","volume":"54","author":"Rios","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1646","article-title":"Long-Term Field Measurement of Sorption of Organic Contaminants to Five Types of Plastic Pellets: Implications for Plastic Marine Debris","volume":"47","author":"Rochman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2011.08.052","article-title":"Adsorption of Trace Metals to Plastic Resin Pellets in the Marine Environment","volume":"160","author":"Holmes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2019.04.039","article-title":"Study on the Capability and Characteristics of Heavy Metals Enriched on Microplastics in Marine Environment","volume":"144","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2011.12.018","article-title":"Trace Metals in an Urbanized Estuarine Sea Turtle Food Web in San Diego Bay, CA","volume":"417\u2013418","author":"Komoroske","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2021.112480","article-title":"Microplastics Aged in Various Environmental Media Exhibited Strong Sorption to Heavy Metals in Seawater","volume":"169","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rochman, C.M., Hentschel, B.T., and The, S.J. (2014). Long-Term Sorption of Metals Is Similar among Plastic Types: Implications for Plastic Debris in Aquatic Environments. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0085433"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2009.06.014","article-title":"International Pellet Watch: Global Monitoring of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in Coastal Waters. 1. Initial Phase Data on PCBs, DDTs, and HCHs","volume":"58","author":"Ogata","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8377","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-016-9956-3","article-title":"Analysis of Environmental Microplastics by Vibrational Microspectroscopy: FTIR, Raman or Both?","volume":"408","author":"Fischer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2019.115629","article-title":"FTIR and Raman Imaging for Microplastics Analysis: State of the Art, Challenges and Prospects","volume":"119","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2022.105676","article-title":"Polymer Composition Analysis of Plastic Debris Ingested by Loggerhead Turtles (Caretta Caretta) in Southern Tyrrhenian Sea through ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy","volume":"179","author":"Bruno","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mar. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s43591-021-00014-y","article-title":"Hyperspectral Imaging as an Emerging Tool to Analyze Microplastics: A Systematic Review and Recommendations for Future Development","volume":"1","author":"Faltynkova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microplastics Nanoplastics"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-006-0413-6","article-title":"Mod\u00ec: A New Mobile Instrument for in Situ Double-Pulse LIBS Analysis","volume":"385","author":"Bertolini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anzano, J., Bello-G\u00e1lvez, C., and Lasheras, R. (2014). Identification of Polymers by Means of LIBS. Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Theory and Applications, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-45085-3_15"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2010.07.011","article-title":"Identification of Polymers by Libs Using Methods of Correlation and Normalized Coordinates","volume":"29","author":"Lasheras","year":"2010","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1080\/10934520802177946","article-title":"Identification of Different Type of Polymers in Plastics Waste","volume":"43","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2019.03.012","article-title":"Identification of Post-Consumer Plastics Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy","volume":"76","author":"Junjuri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1007\/s10163-018-0780-z","article-title":"Real-Time Identification of Plastics by Types Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2018.11.025","article-title":"A Review of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for Plastic Analysis","volume":"110","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1080\/10934520701628973","article-title":"Identification of Different Kinds of Plastics Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for Waste Management","volume":"42","author":"Gondal","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2710","DOI":"10.1002\/app.33801","article-title":"Plastic Identification and Comparison by Multivariate Techniques with Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy","volume":"121","author":"Anzano","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25872","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ra44946g","article-title":"Analytical Predictive Capabilities of Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for Plastic Classification","volume":"3","author":"Unnikrishnan","year":"2013","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sab.2013.06.007","article-title":"Plastic Identification Based on Molecular and Elemental Information from Laser Induced Breakdown Spectra: A Comparison of Plasma Conditions in View of Efficient Sorting","volume":"88","author":"Barbier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part B Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1007\/s10163-018-0701-1","article-title":"Development of Intelligent Sorting System Realized with the Aid of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy and Hybrid Preprocessing Algorithm-Based Radial Basis Function Neural Networks for Recycling Black Plastic Wastes","volume":"20","author":"Roh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sab.2017.06.003","article-title":"Classification of Wrought Aluminum Alloys by ANN Evaluation of LIBS Spectra from Aluminum Scrap Samples","volume":"134","author":"Campanella","year":"2017","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part B Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2005.04.030","article-title":"Concentration of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in Beached Resin Pellets: Variability among Individual Particles and Regional Differences","volume":"50","author":"Endo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2018.02.027","article-title":"Dynamics of Plastic Resin Pellets Deposition on a Microtidal Sandy Beach: Informative Variables and Potential Integration into Sandy Beach Studies","volume":"89","author":"Fanini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2016.06.048","article-title":"Long-Term Aging and Degradation of Microplastic Particles: Comparing in Situ Oceanic and Experimental Weathering Patterns","volume":"110","author":"Brandon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-7388(96)82861-4","article-title":"Terminology for Membranes and Membrane Processes (IUPAC Recommendation 1996)","volume":"120","author":"Koros","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Memb. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sab.2018.05.030","article-title":"On the Utilization of Principal Component Analysis in Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Data Analysis, a Review","volume":"148","author":"Klus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part B Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1021\/es0010498","article-title":"Plastic Resin Pellets as a Transport Medium for Toxic Chemicals in the Marine Environment","volume":"35","author":"Mato","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-4343(00)00022-4","article-title":"Microbial Biofilms in Intertidal Systems: An Overview","volume":"20","author":"Decho","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.04.355","article-title":"Risk Assessment of Plastic Pollution on Marine Diversity in the Mediterranean Sea","volume":"678","author":"Compa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2010.10.009","article-title":"Diffuse Pollution by Persistent Organic Pollutants as Measured in Plastic Pellets Sampled from Various Beaches in Greece","volume":"62","author":"Karapanagioti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2011.11.004","article-title":"Measurement of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in Plastic Resin Pellets from Remote Islands: Toward Establishment of Background Concentrations for International Pellet Watch","volume":"64","author":"Heskett","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1021\/es202702y","article-title":"Critical Review of Low-Density Polyethylene\u2019s Partitioning and Diffusion Coefficients for Trace Organic Contaminants and Implications for Its Use as a Passive Sampler","volume":"46","author":"Lohmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1007\/s002160101025","article-title":"Partitioning of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Polyethylene\/Water System","volume":"371","author":"Manomanii","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fresenius\u2019 J. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7047","DOI":"10.1021\/es9009376","article-title":"Polymer-Water Partition Coefficients of Hydrophobic Compounds for Passive Sampling: Application of Cosolvent Models for Validation","volume":"43","author":"Smedes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1080\/10934529.2018.1455381","article-title":"Degradation of Polyethylene Microplastics in Seawater: Insights into the Environmental Degradation of Polymers","volume":"53","author":"Nunes","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.129779","article-title":"Degradation Degree Analysis of Environmental Microplastics by Micro FT-IR Imaging Technology","volume":"274","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.133643","article-title":"Adsorption Behavior of Organic Pollutants and Metals on Micro\/Nanoplastics in the Aquatic Environment","volume":"694","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2007.01.032","article-title":"Carbon Dioxide Evolution and Carbonyl Group Development during Photodegradation of Polyethylene and Polypropylene","volume":"92","author":"Fernando","year":"2007","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2017.01.082","article-title":"The Plastic in Microplastics: A Review","volume":"119","author":"Andrady","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.148422","article-title":"Environmental Emission, Fate and Transformation of Microplastics in Biotic and Abiotic Compartments: Global Status, Recent Advances and Future Perspectives","volume":"791","author":"Ali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abaroa-P\u00e9rez, B., Ortiz-Montosa, S., Hern\u00e1ndez-Brito, J.J., and Vega-Moreno, D. (2022). Yellowing, Weathering and Degradation of Marine Pellets and Their Influence on the Adsorption of Chemical Pollutants. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14071305"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Monte, C., Locritani, M., Merlino, S., Ricci, L., Pistolesi, A., and Bronco, S. (2022). An In Situ Experiment to Evaluate the Aging and Degradation Phenomena Induced by Marine Environment Conditions on Commercial Plastic Granules. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14061111"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/18\/6910\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:30:37Z","timestamp":1760142637000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/18\/6910"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s22186910"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22186910","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]]}}}