{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T17:55:01Z","timestamp":1786816501403,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]],"date-time":"2022-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wearable technologies are small electronic and mobile devices with wireless communication capabilities that can be worn on the body as a part of devices, accessories or clothes. Sensors incorporated within wearable devices enable the collection of a broad spectrum of data that can be processed and analysed by artificial intelligence (AI) systems. In this narrative review, we performed a literature search of the MEDLINE, Embase and Scopus databases. We included any original studies that used sensors to collect data for a sporting event and subsequently used an AI-based system to process the data with diagnostic, treatment or monitoring intents. The included studies show the use of AI in various sports including basketball, baseball and motor racing to improve athletic performance. We classified the studies according to the stage of an event, including pre-event training to guide performance and predict the possibility of injuries; during events to optimise performance and inform strategies; and in diagnosing injuries after an event. Based on the included studies, AI techniques to process data from sensors can detect patterns in physiological variables as well as positional and kinematic data to inform how athletes can improve their performance. Although AI has promising applications in sports medicine, there are several challenges that can hinder their adoption. We have also identified avenues for future work that can provide solutions to overcome these challenges.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22186920","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]],"date-time":"2022-09-13T22:37:28Z","timestamp":1663108648000},"page":"6920","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":111,"title":["Using Artificial Intelligence-Enhanced Sensing and Wearable Technology in Sports Medicine and Performance Optimisation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Swathikan","family":"Chidambaram","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, London W2 1NY, UK"},{"name":"Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yathukulan","family":"Maheswaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, London W2 1NY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9271-3424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kian","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, London W2 1NY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4595-8402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viknesh","family":"Sounderajah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, London W2 1NY, UK"},{"name":"Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4725-3104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel A.","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6345-8217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth Patrick","family":"Seastedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4672-332X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alison H.","family":"McGregor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Musculoskeletal Laboratory, Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London W12 OBZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheraz R.","family":"Markar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, London W2 1NY, UK"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Churchill Hospital, Old Road, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ara","family":"Darzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, London W2 1NY, UK"},{"name":"Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2021.108074","article-title":"A Survey on Wearable Technology: History, State-of-the-Art and Current Challenges","volume":"193","author":"Ometov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. 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