{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T13:46:17Z","timestamp":1784036777788,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]],"date-time":"2022-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663113600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Electrical Engineering (PPGEE)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Practical knowledge is essential for engineering education. With the COVID-19 pandemic, new challenges have arisen for remote practical learning (e.g., collaborations\/experimentations with real equipment when face-to-face offerings are not possible). In this context, LabEAD is a remote lab project that aims to provide practical knowledge learning opportunities for Brazilian engineering students. This article describes how engineering project management methods consisting of application domains, requirement identification, technical solution specification, implementation, and delivery phases, were applied to the development of an Internet of Things (IoT) remote lab architecture. The distributed computing environment allows integration between students\u2019 smartphones and IoT devices deployed in campus labs and in student residences. The code is open-source for facilitated replication and reuse, and the remote lab was built in six months to enable six experiments for the digital electronics lab during the COVID-19 pandemic, covering all the experiments of the original face-to-face offering. More than 70% of the 32 students preferred remote labs over simulations, and only 2 were not approved in the digital electronics course offered remotely.Student perceptions collected by questionnaires showed that they could successfully specify, develop, and present their projects using the remote lab infrastructure in four weeks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22186944","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]],"date-time":"2022-09-14T23:16:36Z","timestamp":1663197396000},"page":"6944","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Teaching Digital Electronics during the COVID-19 Pandemic via a Remote Lab"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2031-6443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felipe","family":"Valencia de Almeida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic School, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Luciano Gualberto, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-010, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6672-4296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor Takashi","family":"Hayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic School, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Luciano Gualberto, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-010, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4718-3425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reginaldo","family":"Arakaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic School, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Luciano Gualberto, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-010, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edson","family":"Midorikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic School, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Luciano Gualberto, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-010, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9rgio","family":"de Mello Canovas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic School, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Luciano Gualberto, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-010, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5675-4667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo Sergio","family":"Cugnasca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic School, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Luciano Gualberto, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-010, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8743-4244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro Luiz Pizzigatti","family":"Corr\u00eaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic School, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Luciano Gualberto, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-010, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1002\/cae.20186","article-title":"Virtual laboratories in engineering education: The simulation lab and remote lab","volume":"17","author":"Balamuralithara","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput. 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