{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T05:29:11Z","timestamp":1779254951026,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]],"date-time":"2022-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663113600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, Qassim University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) contain sensor nodes that sense the data and then transfer them to the sink node or base station. Sensor nodes are operationalized through limited-power batteries. Therefore, improvement in energy consumption becomes critical in UWSNs. Data forwarding through the nearest sensor node to the sink or base station reduces the network\u2019s reliability and stability because it creates a hotspot and drains the energy early. In this paper, we propose the cooperative energy-efficient routing (CEER) protocol to increase the network lifetime and acquire a reliable network. We use the sink mobility scheme to reduce energy consumption by eliminating the hotspot issue. We have divided the area into multiple sections for better deployment and deployed the sink nodes in each area. Sensor nodes generate the data and send it to the sink nodes to reduce energy consumption. We have also used the cooperative technique to achieve reliability in the network. Based on simulation results, the proposed scheme performed better than existing routing protocols in terms of packet delivery ratio (PDR), energy consumption, transmission loss, and end-to-end delay.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22186945","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]],"date-time":"2022-09-14T23:16:36Z","timestamp":1663197396000},"page":"6945","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Cooperative Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8490-0863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irfan","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical & Numerical Science, Qurtuba University of Science & Information Technology, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taj","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical & Numerical Science, Qurtuba University of Science & Information Technology, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asim","family":"Zeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology, Abbottabad 22500, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0895-9665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inayat","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Buner, Buner 19290, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0990-5805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed Tahar Ben","family":"Othman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computer, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5320-1012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Habib","family":"Hamam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Uni de Moncton, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada"},{"name":"Spectrum of Knowledge Production & Skills Development, Sfax 3027, Tunisia"},{"name":"International Institute of Technology and Management, Libreville BP1989, Gabon"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Science, School of Electrical Engineering, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444024","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/1444024","article-title":"Analysis of Security Attacks and Taxonomy in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"24","author":"Ahmad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wirel. 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