{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T20:24:20Z","timestamp":1777062260142,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]],"date-time":"2022-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663113600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020YFF0304702"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFF0304702"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Perception Neuron Studio (PNS) is a cost-effective and widely used inertial motion capture system. However, a comprehensive analysis of its upper-body motion capture accuracy is still lacking, before it is being applied to biomechanical research. Therefore, this study first evaluated the validity and reliability of this system in upper-body capturing and then quantified the system\u2019s accuracy for different task complexities and movement speeds. Seven participants performed simple (eight single-DOF upper-body movements) and complex tasks (lifting a 2.5 kg box over the shoulder) at fast and slow speeds with the PNS and OptiTrack (gold-standard optical system) collecting kinematics data simultaneously. Statistical metrics such as CMC, RMSE, Pearson\u2019s r, R2, and Bland\u2013Altman analysis were utilized to assess the similarity between the two systems. Test\u2013retest reliability included intra- and intersession relations, which were assessed by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) as well as CMC. All upper-body kinematics were highly consistent between the two systems, with CMC values 0.73\u20130.99, RMSE 1.9\u201312.5\u00b0, Pearson\u2019s r 0.84\u20130.99, R2 0.75\u20130.99, and Bland\u2013Altman analysis demonstrating a bias of 0.2\u201327.8\u00b0 as well as all the points within 95% limits of agreement (LOA). The relative reliability of intra- and intersessions was good to excellent (i.e., ICC and CMC were 0.77\u20130.99 and 0.75\u20130.98, respectively). The paired t-test revealed that faster speeds resulted in greater bias, while more complex tasks led to lower consistencies. Our results showed that the PNS could provide accurate enough upper-body kinematics for further biomechanical performance analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22186954","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]],"date-time":"2022-09-14T23:16:36Z","timestamp":1663197396000},"page":"6954","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["A Comprehensive Analysis of the Validity and Reliability of the Perception Neuron Studio for Upper-Body Motion Capture"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4684-1422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiwei","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AI Sports Engineering Lab, School of Sports Engineering, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0363-9865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kuan","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AI Sports Engineering Lab, School of Sports Engineering, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Engineering Research Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yinsheng","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AI Sports Engineering Lab, School of Sports Engineering, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0324-5391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lixin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AI Sports Engineering Lab, School of Sports Engineering, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Application of OptiTrack motion capture systems in human movement analysis: A systematic literature review","volume":"5","author":"Kiss","year":"2018","journal-title":"Recent Innov. 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