{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T18:05:12Z","timestamp":1774893912485,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]],"date-time":"2022-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663113600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Research Unit 3022 \u201cUltrasonic Monitoring of Fibre Metal Laminates Using Integrated Sensors\u201d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["418311604"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["418311604"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Research Unit 3022 \u201cUltrasonic Monitoring of Fibre Metal Laminates Using Integrated Sensors\u201d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["389409970"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["389409970"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Research Project \u201cPiezoelectric 0-0-3 Composites\u201d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["418311604"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["418311604"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Research Project \u201cPiezoelectric 0-0-3 Composites\u201d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["389409970"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["389409970"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Commercially available photopolymer resins can be combined with lead zirconate titanate (PZT) micrometer size piezoelectric particles to form 3D-printable suspensions that solidify under UV light. This in turn makes it possible to realize various non-standard sensor geometries which might bring benefits, such as increased piezoelectric output in specific conditions and less interference with incoming waves due to better acoustical adaptation compared to solid PZT ceramics. However, it is unclear whether piezoelectric composite materials are suitable for guided ultrasonic wave (GUW) detection, which is crucial for structural health monitoring (SHM) in different applications. In this study, thin piezoelectric composite sensors are tape casted, solidified under UV light, covered with electrodes, polarized in a high electric field and adhesively bonded onto an isotropic aluminum waveguide. This approach helps to demonstrate the capabilities of tape casting\u2019s freedom to manufacture geometrically differently shaped, thin piezoelectric composite sensors for GUW detection. In an experimental study, thin two-dimensional piezoelectric composite sensors demonstrate successful detection of GUW for frequency-thickness products of up to 0.5 MHz mm. An analytical calculation of the maximum and minimum amplitudes for the ratio of the wavelength and the sensor length in wave propagation direction shows good agreement with the sensor-recorded signals. The output of the piezoelectric composite sensors and occurring reflections as measure for wave interactions are compared to commercial piezoelectric discs to evaluate their performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22186964","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]],"date-time":"2022-09-14T23:16:36Z","timestamp":1663197396000},"page":"6964","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["3D-Printable Piezoelectric Composite Sensors for Acoustically Adapted Guided Ultrasonic Wave Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8834-710X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Roloff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mechanics and Adaptronics, Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6715-1044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rytis","family":"Mitkus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mechanics and Adaptronics, Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jann Niklas","family":"Lion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mechanics and Adaptronics, Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1873-9140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Sinapius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mechanics and Adaptronics, Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giurgiutiu, V. 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