{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T21:27:39Z","timestamp":1777930059826,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":349,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]],"date-time":"2022-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFB0504400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFB0504400"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["63223052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["63223052"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFB0504400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFB0504400"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["63223052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["63223052"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Femtosecond laser filamentation is a unique nonlinear optical phenomenon when high-power ultrafast laser propagation in all transparent optical media. During filamentation in the atmosphere, the ultrastrong field of 1013\u20131014 W\/cm2 with a large distance ranging from meter to kilometers can effectively ionize, break, and excite the molecules and fragments, resulting in characteristic fingerprint emissions, which provide a great opportunity for investigating strong-field molecules interaction in complicated environments, especially remote sensing. Additionally, the ultrastrong intensity inside the filament can damage almost all the detectors and ignite various intricate higher order nonlinear optical effects. These extreme physical conditions and complicated phenomena make the sensing and controlling of filamentation challenging. This paper mainly focuses on recent research advances in sensing with femtosecond laser filamentation, including fundamental physics, sensing and manipulating methods, typical filament-based sensing techniques and application scenarios, opportunities, and challenges toward the filament-based remote sensing under different complicated conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22187076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T04:28:55Z","timestamp":1663648135000},"page":"7076","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Sensing with Femtosecond Laser Filamentation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Pengfei","family":"Qi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Modern Optics, Eye Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China"},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Tianjin 300350, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenqi","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Modern Optics, Eye Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China"},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Tianjin 300350, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lanjun","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Modern Optics, Eye Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China"},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Tianjin 300350, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiayun","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Modern Optics, Eye Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China"},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Tianjin 300350, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Modern Optics, Eye Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China"},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Tianjin 300350, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuezheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Modern Optics, Eye Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China"},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Tianjin 300350, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Modern Optics, Eye Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China"},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Sensor and Sensing Network Technology, Tianjin 300350, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zeliang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Modern Optics, Eye Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China"},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Tianjin 300350, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lie","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Modern Optics, Eye Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China"},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Sensor and Sensing Network Technology, Tianjin 300350, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Changlin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Modern Optics, Eye Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China"},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Tianjin 300350, China"},{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liguo","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6036-9641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weiwei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Modern Optics, Eye Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China"},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Sensor and Sensing Network Technology, Tianjin 300350, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1139\/p05-048","article-title":"The propagation of powerful femtosecond laser pulses in optical media: Physics, applications, and new challenges","volume":"83","author":"Chin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can. 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