{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T17:13:10Z","timestamp":1781370790362,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CASIO SCIENCE PROMOTION FOUNDATION (K12-09)","award":["JP 19K19948"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP 19K19948"]}]},{"name":"CASIO SCIENCE PROMOTION FOUNDATION (K12-09)","award":["JP 21K11334"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP 21K11334"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP 19K19948"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP 19K19948"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP 21K11334"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP 21K11334"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Zero-velocity assumption has been used for estimation of foot trajectory and stride length during running from the data of foot-mounted inertial measurement units (IMUs). Although the assumption provides a reasonable initialization for foot trajectory and stride length estimation, the other source of errors related to the IMU\u2019s orientation still remains. The purpose of this study was to develop an improved foot trajectory and stride length estimation method for the level ground running based on the displacement of the foot. Seventy-nine runners performed running trials at 5 different paces and their running motions were captured using a motion capture system. The accelerations and angular velocities of left and right feet were measured with two IMUs mounted on the dorsum of each foot. In this study, foot trajectory and stride length were estimated using zero-velocity assumption with IMU data, and the orientation of IMU was estimated to calculate the mediolateral and vertical distance of the foot between two consecutive midstance events. Calculated foot trajectory and stride length were compared with motion capture data. The results show that the method used in this study can provide accurate estimation of foot trajectory and stride length for level ground running across a range of running speeds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22197129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]],"date-time":"2022-09-21T00:08:09Z","timestamp":1663718889000},"page":"7129","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Estimation of Foot Trajectory and Stride Length during Level Ground Running Using Foot-Mounted Inertial Measurement Units"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9163-9680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuta","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Urban Health and Sports, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi, Osaka 558-8585, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Physiology for Exercise, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi, Osaka 558-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5024-700X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael E.","family":"Hahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, 181 Esslinger Hall, 1525 University St., Eugene, OR 97403, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasushi","family":"Enomoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8574, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.2016-0170","article-title":"Impact of a long run on injury-related biomechanics with relation to weekly mileage in trained male runners","volume":"33","author":"Paquette","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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