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2020CDYB-29"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["grant number 2021ZYSF007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant number 2021ZYSF007"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["grant number 2020YFS0575"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant number 2020YFS0575"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021KJT0012-2021YFS0067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021KJT0012-2021YFS0067"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan University","award":["grant number 61902267"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant number 61902267"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan University","award":["62072319"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62072319"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan University","award":["62101359"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62101359"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan University","award":["grant number 2020CDYB-29"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant number 2020CDYB-29"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan University","award":["grant number 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2020CDYB-29"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology plan transfer payment project of Sichuan province","award":["grant number 2021ZYSF007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant number 2021ZYSF007"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology plan transfer payment project of Sichuan province","award":["grant number 2020YFS0575"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant number 2020YFS0575"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology plan transfer payment project of Sichuan province","award":["2021KJT0012-2021YFS0067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021KJT0012-2021YFS0067"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of the Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province","award":["grant number 61902267"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant number 61902267"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of the Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province","award":["62072319"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62072319"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of the Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province","award":["62101359"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62101359"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of the Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province","award":["grant number 2020CDYB-29"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant number 2020CDYB-29"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of the Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province","award":["grant number 2021ZYSF007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant number 2021ZYSF007"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of the Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province","award":["grant number 2020YFS0575"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant number 2020YFS0575"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of the Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province","award":["2021KJT0012-2021YFS0067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021KJT0012-2021YFS0067"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Visible light positioning (VLP) has attracted intensive attention from both academic and industrial communities thanks to its high accuracy, immunity to electromagnetic interference, and low deployment cost. In general, the receiver in a VLP system determines its own position by exploring the received signal strength (RSS) from the transmitter according to a pre-built RSS attenuation model. In such model-based methods, the LED\u2019s emission power and the receiver\u2019s height are usually required known and constant parameters to obtain reasonable positioning accuracy. However, the LED\u2019s emission power is normally time-varying due to the fact that the LED\u2019s optical output power is prone to changing with the LED\u2019s temperature, and the receiver\u2019s height is random in a realistic application scenario. To this end, we propose a height-independent three-dimensional (3D) VLP scheme based on the RSS ratio (RSSR), rather than only using RSS. Unlike existing RSS-based VLP methods, our method is able to independently find the horizontal coordinate, i.e., two-dimensional (2D) position, without a priori height information of the receiver, and also avoids the negative effect caused by fluctuation of the LED\u2019s emission power. Moreover, we can further infer the height of the receiver to achieve three-dimensional (3D) positioning by iterating the 2D results back into positioning equations. To quickly verify the proposed scheme, we conduct theoretical analysis with mathematical proof and experimental results with real data, which confirm that the proposed scheme can achieve high position accuracy without known information of the receiver\u2019s height and LED\u2019s emission power. We also implement a VLP prototype with five LED transmitters, and experimental results show that the proposed scheme can achieve very low average errors of 2.73 cm in 2D and 7.20 cm in 3D.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22197165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]],"date-time":"2022-09-22T23:07:55Z","timestamp":1663888075000},"page":"7165","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["High-Accuracy Height-Independent 3D VLP Based on Received Signal Strength Ratio"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Yihuai","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Information Photonics and Communications, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1337-8945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yimao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"},{"name":"Institute for Industrial Internet Research, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9266-8600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanbing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"},{"name":"Institute for Industrial Internet Research, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"},{"name":"Institute for Industrial Internet Research, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiong","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6166-890X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liangyin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"},{"name":"Institute for Industrial Internet Research, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2021.10.123","article-title":"Machine learning in indoor visible light positioning systems: A review","volume":"491","author":"Tran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7680","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2022.3149048","article-title":"A Survey on Indoor Positioning Systems for IoT-Based Applications","volume":"9","author":"Farahsari","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Xiong, J., and Jamieson, K. 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