{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T15:14:50Z","timestamp":1777043690295,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]],"date-time":"2022-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), King Abdulaziz University","award":["IFPIP: 709-612-1443"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IFPIP: 709-612-1443"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The automation of water leakage detection and monitoring systems has recently been made possible by the Internet of Things (IoT). However, the high cost is an obstacle when applying a network over a large area. The Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) was created specifically to address long-range IoT applications. The Long-Range Wide-Area Network (LoRaWAN) is one of the most common LPWANs. In this study, a method for monitoring and detecting water leakage in a housing complex was tested using LoRaWAN. Water leakage was detected using a low-pressure system model comprising a water meter, presser sensor, and smart valve within a LoRa node. This study investigates the use of LoRaWAN for water monitoring and leakage detection by implementing a comprehensive case study to identify LoRaWAN\u2019s feasibility, reliability, and scalability for water monitoring and leakage detection in simulated scenarios. The housing complex varied in size and number of nodes. The LoRaWAN was evaluated by the FloRa simulator package through the Objective Modular Network Testbed (OMNeT++) platform. The results indicated that it was an efficient means of water monitoring and leakage detection in housing complexes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22197188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]],"date-time":"2022-09-22T23:07:55Z","timestamp":1663888075000},"page":"7188","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["LoRaWAN Performance Analysis for a Water Monitoring and Leakage Detection System in a Housing Complex"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8763-8044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atheer M.","family":"Alghamdi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Technology Department, Faculty of Computers and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 23713, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5969-9333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enas F.","family":"Khairullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Technology Department, Faculty of Computers and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 23713, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4148-0958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad M.","family":"Al mojamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Department, Computing College-Al-Qunfudah, UMM Al-QURA University, Al-Qunfudah 28814, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2019.08.090","article-title":"A comparative Survey Study on LPWA IoT Technologies: Design, considerations, challenges and solutions","volume":"155","author":"Muteba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. 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