{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T21:19:07Z","timestamp":1776979147799,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,26]],"date-time":"2022-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)","award":["BB\/V019643\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/V019643\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) is a powerful tool that provides unique quantitative information for biomedical research. In this study, we propose a multi-layer-perceptron-based mixer (MLP-Mixer) deep learning (DL) algorithm named FLIM-MLP-Mixer for fast and robust FLIM analysis. The FLIM-MLP-Mixer has a simple network architecture yet a powerful learning ability from data. Compared with the traditional fitting and previously reported DL methods, the FLIM-MLP-Mixer shows superior performance in terms of accuracy and calculation speed, which has been validated using both synthetic and experimental data. All results indicate that our proposed method is well suited for accurately estimating lifetime parameters from measured fluorescence histograms, and it has great potential in various real-time FLIM applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22197293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]],"date-time":"2022-09-28T03:30:37Z","timestamp":1664335837000},"page":"7293","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Simple and Robust Deep Learning Approach for Fast Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Quan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RU, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yahui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ultra-Fast Photoelectric Diagnostics Technology, Xi\u2019an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2901-9253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RU, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4952-6727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenya","family":"Zang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RU, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zi\u2019ao","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RU, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6401-4263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David Day Uei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RU, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2641","DOI":"10.1021\/cr900343z","article-title":"Fluorescence Lifetime Measurements and Biological Imaging","volume":"110","author":"Berezin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. 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