{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T20:26:18Z","timestamp":1774556778420,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":164,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,26]],"date-time":"2022-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Iberoamerican University Association for Postgraduate Studies","award":["PGC2018-098813-B-C33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PGC2018-098813-B-C33"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities","award":["PGC2018-098813-B-C33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PGC2018-098813-B-C33"]}]},{"name":"UAL-FEDER 2020","award":["PGC2018-098813-B-C33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PGC2018-098813-B-C33"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The growing global demand for food and the environmental impact caused by agriculture have made this activity increasingly dependent on electronics, information technology, and telecommunications technologies. In Colombia, agriculture is of great importance not only as a commercial activity, but also as a source of food and employment. However, the concept of smart agriculture has not been widely applied in this country, resulting in the high production of various types of crops due to the planting of large areas of land, rather than optimization of the processes involved in the activity. Due to its technical characteristics and the radio spectrum considered in its deployment, 5G can be seen as one of the technologies that could generate the greatest benefits for the Colombian agricultural sector, especially in the most remote rural areas, which currently lack mobile network coverage. This article provides an overview of the current 5G technology landscape in Colombia and presents examples of possible 5G\/IoT applications that could be developed in Colombian fields. The results show that 5G could facilitate the implementation of the smart farm in Colombia, improving current production and efficiency. It is useful when designing 5G implementation plans and strategies, since it categorizes crops by regions and products. This is based on budget availability, population density, and regional development plans, among others.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22197295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]],"date-time":"2022-09-28T03:30:37Z","timestamp":1664335837000},"page":"7295","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Precision Agriculture and Sensor Systems Applications in Colombia through 5G Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Wilson","family":"Arrubla-Hoyos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Bicentennial Scholarship\u2013Ministry of Sciences, Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia, Sincelejo 700002, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adelaida","family":"Ojeda-Beltr\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Economy, Bicentennial Scholarship\u2013Ministry of Sciences, Universidad del Atl\u00e1ntico, Puerto Colombia 081007, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"Solano-Barliza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Bicentennial Scholarship\u2013Ministry of Sciences, Universidad de La Guajira, Riohacha 440002, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0592-0650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geovanny","family":"Rambauth-Ibarra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bicentennial Scholarship\u2013Ministry of Sciences, Universidad de Sucre, Sincelejo 700001, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6525-4533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexis","family":"Barrios-Ulloa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bicentennial Scholarship\u2013Ministry of Sciences, Universidad de Sucre, Sincelejo 700001, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0726-196X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dora","family":"Cama-Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Architecture and Technology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5510-6297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco Manuel","family":"Arrabal-Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Engineering, University of Almeria, 04120 Almer\u00eda, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan Antonio","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Lao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Engineering, University of Almeria, 04120 Almer\u00eda, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1364-7394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Cama-Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Electronics, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0085-030X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Manzano-Agugliaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Engineering, University of Almeria, 04120 Almer\u00eda, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Spedding, R.C. 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