{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T06:11:36Z","timestamp":1775283096988,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]],"date-time":"2022-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["813789"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["813789"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["504\/04542\/1143\/43.020004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["504\/04542\/1143\/43.020004"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Council of the Discipline Automatic, Electronics and Electrical Engineering, WUT","award":["813789"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["813789"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Council of the Discipline Automatic, Electronics and Electrical Engineering, WUT","award":["504\/04542\/1143\/43.020004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["504\/04542\/1143\/43.020004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A modified 3D colour digital image correlation method (3D cDIC) is proposed for efficient displacement measurements of colour objects with natural texture. The method is using a separate analysis of correlation coefficient (sigma) value in the RGB channels of CCD cameras by utilising local information from the channel with the minimum sigma. In this way, merged U, V and W displacement maps are generated based on the local correlation quality. As the proposed method applies to colour filter array cameras, the images in RGB channels have to undergo a demosaicking procedure which directly influences the accuracy of displacement measurements. In the paper, the best performing demosaicking methods are selected. The metrological analysis of their influence on the results of canvas paintings investigations obtained by unmodified and modified 3D cDIC processing is presented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22197359","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]],"date-time":"2022-09-28T22:53:19Z","timestamp":1664405599000},"page":"7359","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Metrological Evaluation of the Demosaicking Effect on Colour Digital Image Correlation with Application in Monitoring of Paintings"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7377-2760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Athanasia","family":"Papanikolaou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechatronics, Warsaw University of Technology, 08-525 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1265-707X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Garbat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electronics and Information Technology, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6521-6951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malgorzata","family":"Kujawinska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechatronics, Warsaw University of Technology, 08-525 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Sutton, M.A., Orteu, J.J., and Schreier, H.W. (2009). Image Correlation for Shape, Motion and Deformation Measurements: Basic Concepts, Theory and Applications, Springer."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1007\/s11340-010-9418-3","article-title":"Recent Progress in Digital Image Correlation","volume":"51","author":"Pan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Mech."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malowany, K., Piekarczuk, A., Malesa, M., Kujawi\u0144ska, M., and Wi\u0119ch, P. (2019). Application of 3D Digital Image Correlation for Development and Validation of FEM Model of Self-Supporting Arch Structures. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9071305"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2017.11.005","article-title":"Application of 3D-DIC to characterize the effect of aggregate size and volume on non-uniform shrinkage strain distribution in concrete","volume":"86","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2013.04.030","article-title":"Whole-field strain analysis and damage assessment of adhesively bonded patch repair of CFRP laminates using 3D-DIC and FEA","volume":"53","author":"Kashfuddoja","year":"2013","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.53.001739","article-title":"Application of 3D digital image correlation to track displacements and strains of canvas paintings exposed to relative humidity changes","volume":"53","author":"Malowany","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malesa, M., Malowany, K., Tymi\u0144ska-Widmer, L., Kwiatkowska, E.A., Kujaw\u0144ska, M., Rouba, B.J., and Targowski, P. (2011, January 23\u201324). Application of digital image correlation (DIC) for tracking deformations of paintings on canvas. Proceedings of the Optical Metrology, Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.889452"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s40494-022-00648-y","article-title":"Spatio-temporal monitoring of humidity induced 3D displacements and strains in mounted and unmounted parchments","volume":"10","author":"Papanikolaou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Herit. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12308","DOI":"10.1111\/str.12308","article-title":"Evaluating the use of digital image correlation for strain measurement in historic tapestries using representative deformation fields","volume":"55","author":"Alsayednoor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Strain"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"13","article-title":"Deformation Monitoring System Based on 2D-DIC for Cultural Relics Protection in Museum Environment with Low and Varying Illumination","volume":"2018","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Math. Probl. Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s11340-017-0347-2","article-title":"Digital Image Correlation and Color Cameras","volume":"58","author":"Baldi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Mech."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2019.105896","article-title":"Optimal digital color image correlation","volume":"127","author":"Curt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"166","article-title":"Colour digital image correlation method for monitoring of cultural heritage objects with natural texture","volume":"Volume 11784","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Optics for Arts, Architecture, and Archaeology VIII"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Stoffels, J., Ambosius, A., Bluekens, J., Peters, M., and Jacobus, P. (1978). Color Splitting Prism Assembly. (4,084,180), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Slagle, T.M., Lyon, R.F., Ruda, M.C., Stuhlinger, T.W., and Foveon Inc. (2001). Color Separation Prism with Adjustable Path Lengths. (6,330,113), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Bayer, B. (1976). Color Imaging Array. (3,971,065), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2016.05.006","article-title":"Demosaicing images from colour cameras for digital image correlation","volume":"86","author":"Forsey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2022, June 27). Vic-3D v7 Reference Manual. Available online: http:\/\/www.correlatedsolutions.com\/supportcontent\/Vic-3D-v7-Manual.pdf."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5501","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.49.005501","article-title":"Equivalence of digital image correlation criteria for pattern matching","volume":"49","author":"Pan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1007\/s11340-016-0180-z","article-title":"Digital image correlation with enhanced accuracy and efficiency: A comparison of two subpixel registration algorithms","volume":"56","author":"Pan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Mech."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2915","DOI":"10.1117\/1.1314593","article-title":"Systematic errors in digital image correlation caused by intensity interpolation","volume":"39","author":"Schreier","year":"2000","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2017.03.030","article-title":"3D digital image correlation using single color camera pseudo-stereo system","volume":"95","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"489","article-title":"Image demosaicing: A systematic survey","volume":"Volume 6822","author":"Pearlman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Visual Communications and Image Processingl"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2022, June 21). Basler Pixel Format. Available online: https:\/\/docs.baslerweb.com\/pixel-format.html?filter=Camera:acA4112-8gc."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2022, May 15). PGI Basler White Paper Kernel Description. Available online: https:\/\/www.baslerweb.com\/en\/downloads\/document-downloads\/pgi-feature-set\/."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahim, A.N.A., Yaakob, S.N., Ngadiran, R., and Nasruddin, M.W. (2015, January 13\u201314). An analysis of interpolation methods for super resolution images. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Student Conference on Research and Development (SCOReD), Piscataway, NJ, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/SCORED.2015.7449432"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S1076-5670(10)62005-8","article-title":"Chapter 5\u2014Comparison of Color Demosaicing Methods","volume":"Volume 162","author":"Hawkes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2004.838691","article-title":"Adaptive homogeneity-directed demosaicing algorithm","volume":"14","author":"Hirakawa","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monno, Y., Kiku, D., Tanaka, M., and Okutomi, M. (2017). Adaptive Residual Interpolation for Color and Multispectral Image Demosaicking. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17122787"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2022, June 30). LibRaw Project. Available online: https:\/\/www.libraw.org\/."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Mei, Y., Fan, Y., Zhang, Y., Yu, J., Zhou, Y., Liu, D., Fu, Y., Huang, T.S., and Shi, H. (2020). Pyramid Attention Networks for Image Restoration. arXiv, Available online: https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2004.13824."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Liquitex (2022, June 27). The Acrylic Book. Available online: https:\/\/www.liquitex.com\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2018\/12\/LIQUITEX-ACRYLIC-BOOK.pdf."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agustsson, E., and Timofte, R. (2017, January 21\u201326). NTIRE 2017 Challenge on Single Image Super-Resolution: Dataset and Study. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW), Honolulu, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2017.150"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Ignatov, A., Timofte, R., Van Vu, T., Minh, L.T., Pham, T.X., Van Nguyen, C., Kim, Y., Choi, J.S., Kim, M., and Huang, J. (2018, January 8\u201314). PIRM challenge on perceptual image enhancement on smartphones: Report. Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV) Workshops, Munich, Gernamy."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/19\/7359\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:40:56Z","timestamp":1760143256000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/19\/7359"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s22197359"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22197359","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]]}}}