{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T02:46:41Z","timestamp":1771901201616,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]],"date-time":"2022-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["62103263"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62103263"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["81971767"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81971767"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["19142203800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19142203800"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["19DZ2255200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19DZ2255200"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Science and Technology Support Project","award":["62103263"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62103263"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Science and Technology Support Project","award":["81971767"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81971767"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Science and Technology Support Project","award":["19142203800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19142203800"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Science and Technology Support Project","award":["19DZ2255200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19DZ2255200"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Bases of Shanghai","award":["62103263"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62103263"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Bases of Shanghai","award":["81971767"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81971767"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Bases of Shanghai","award":["19142203800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19142203800"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Bases of Shanghai","award":["19DZ2255200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19DZ2255200"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Monitoring bodily pressure could provide valuable medical information for both doctors and patients. Long-term implantation of in vivo sensors is highly desirable in situations where perception reconstruction is needed. In particular, for fecal incontinence, artificial anal sphincters without perceptions could not remind patients when to defecate and even cause ischemic tissue necrosis due to uncontrolled clamping pressure. To address these issues, a novel self-packaging strain gauge sensor system is designed for in vivo perception reconstruction. In addition, long short-term memory (LSTM) networks, which show excellent performance in processing time series-related features and fitting properties, are used in this article to improve the prediction accuracy of the perception model. The proposed system has been tested and compared with the traditional linear regression (LR) approach using data from in vitro experiments. The results show that the Root-Mean-Square Error (RMSE) is reduced by more than 69%, which demonstrates that the prediction accuracy of the proposed LSTM model is higher than that of the LR model to reach a more accurate prediction of the amount of intestinal content. Furthermore, outcomes of in vivo experiments show that the robustness of the novel sensor system based on long short-term memory networks is verified through experiments with limited data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22197407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]],"date-time":"2022-09-29T23:09:29Z","timestamp":1664492969000},"page":"7407","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Novel Sensor System for In Vivo Perception Reconstruction Based on Long Short-Term Memory Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Ding","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Addiction Treatment and Rehabilitation, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guozheng","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Addiction Treatment and Rehabilitation, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lichao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Addiction Treatment and Rehabilitation, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fangfang","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Addiction Treatment and Rehabilitation, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Computing & Imaging Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-004-0593-0","article-title":"The Prevalence of Fecal Incontinence in Community-Dwelling Adults: A Systematic Review of the Literature","volume":"47","author":"Macmillan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dis. 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