{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T05:52:07Z","timestamp":1778392327156,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]],"date-time":"2022-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["61827802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61827802"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021KF05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021KF05"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015363","name":"State Key Laboratory of High Temperature Gas Dynamics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61827802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61827802"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015363","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015363","name":"State Key Laboratory of High Temperature Gas Dynamics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021KF05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021KF05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015363","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper proposes an improved wavelength modulation spectroscopy with the 2nd harmonics normalized by the 1st harmonics (WMS-2f\/1f) spectral fitting method using the orthogonal test in selection of the initial parameters. The method is implemented and validated experimentally in measurement of the temperature of diluted H2O in air (1 atm, 291K, 0.7%) by the WMS-2f\/1f technique. The transition center wavelength targets near 1344 nm. Results demonstrate that the sum-square-error (SSE) between the calculated and measured WMS-2f\/1f spectral profiles decreases significantly within given updating times when the optimized initial parameters are used. Compared to the conventional method, the optimized initial parameters can make the fitting routine converge more efficiently. The temperature of the vapor inferred from the proposed spectral fitting method are in good agreement with the true values.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22197430","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T03:07:28Z","timestamp":1665371248000},"page":"7430","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["An Improved WMS-2f\/1f Spectral Fitting Method Using Orthogonal Test in Initial Parameters Selection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4680-822X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liezhao","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology Aero-Engine Aero-Thermodynamics, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology Aero-Engine Aero-Thermodynamics, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3837-8274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiangge","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology Aero-Engine Aero-Thermodynamics, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Runzhou","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology Aero-Engine Aero-Thermodynamics, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinkui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology Aero-Engine Aero-Thermodynamics, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.40.002031","article-title":"Ammonia monitoring near 1.5 \u00b5m with diode-laser absorption sensors","volume":"40","author":"Webber","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl. 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