{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T22:01:14Z","timestamp":1784066474270,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]],"date-time":"2022-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the energy system, various sources are used to fulfill the energy demand of large buildings. The energy management of large-scale buildings is very important. The proposed system comprises solar PVs, energy storage systems, and electric vehicles. Demand response (DR) schemes are considered in various studies, but the analysis of the impact of dynamic DR on operational cost has been ignored. So, in this paper, renewable energy resources and storages are integrated considering the demand response strategies such as real-time pricing (RTP), critical peak pricing (CPP), and time of use (ToU). The proposed system is mapped in a linear model and simulated in MATLAB using linear programming (LP). Different case studies are investigated considering the dynamic demand response schemes. Among different schemes, results based on real-time pricing (58% saving) show more saving as compared to the CPP and ToU. The obtained results reduced the operational cost and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, which shows the efficacy of the model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22197448","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T03:07:28Z","timestamp":1665371248000},"page":"7448","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Optimal Energy Management System of IoT-Enabled Large Building Considering Electric Vehicle Scheduling, Distributed Resources, and Demand Response Schemes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Liu","family":"Fei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electric and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5460-5548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Shahzad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Muhammad Nawaz Sharif University of Engineering and Technology, Multan 60000, Punjab, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fazal","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Muhammad Nawaz Sharif University of Engineering and Technology, Multan 60000, Punjab, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0866-4165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hafiz Abdul","family":"Muqeet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering Technology, Punjab Tianjin University of Technology, Lahore 54770, Punjab, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6255-6966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Majid","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Bin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 100096, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muqeet, H.A., Javed, H., Akhter, M.N., Shahzad, M., Munir, H.M., Nadeem, M.U., Bukhari, S.S.H., and Huba, M. 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