{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T23:38:47Z","timestamp":1773272327202,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]],"date-time":"2022-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Current commercial sensors to monitor water flow velocities are expensive, bulky, and require significant effort to install. Low-cost sensors open the possibility of monitoring storm and waste water systems at a much greater spatial and temporal resolution without prohibitive costs and resource investment. To aid in this, this work developed a low-cost, low-power velocity sensor based on acoustic Doppler velocimetry. The sensor, costing less than 50 USD is open-source, open-hardware, compact, and easily interfaceable to a wide range of data-logging systems. A freely available sensor design at this price point does not currently exist, and its novelty is in enabling high-resolution real-time monitoring schemes. The design is capable of measuring water velocities up to 1200 mm\/s. The sensor is characterised and then verified in an in-field long-term test. Finally, the data from this test are then used to evaluate the performance of the sensor in a real-world scenario. The analysis concludes that the sensor is capable of effectively measuring water velocity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22197451","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T03:07:28Z","timestamp":1665371248000},"page":"7451","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["A Low-Cost, Low-Power Water Velocity Sensor Utilizing Acoustic Doppler Measurement"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8967-5853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen","family":"Catsamas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BoSL Water Monitoring and Control, Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Baiqian","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BoSL Water Monitoring and Control, Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Boris","family":"Deletic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BoSL Water Monitoring and Control, Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BoSL Water Monitoring and Control, Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8845-6501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David T.","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BoSL Water Monitoring and Control, Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.2175\/106143098X123679","article-title":"Evaluation of Methods for Estimating Stormwater Pollutant Loads","volume":"70","author":"Charbeneau","year":"1998","journal-title":"Water Environ. 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