{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:14:05Z","timestamp":1760231645430,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia","award":["6524219-AI4WorkplaceSafety"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6524219-AI4WorkplaceSafety"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-ergonomic execution of repetitive physical tasks represents a major cause of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD). This study was focused on the pushing and pulling (P&amp;P) of an industrial handcart (which is a generic physical task present across many industries), with the aim to investigate the dependence of P&amp;P execution on the operators\u2019 psychological status and the presence of pain syndromes of the upper limbs and spine. The developed acquisition system integrated two three-axis force sensors (placed on the left and right arm) and six electromyography (EMG) electrodes (placed on the chest, back, and hand flexor muscles). The conducted experiment involved two groups of participants (with and without increased psychological scores and pain syndromes). Ten force parameters (for both left and right side), one EMG parameter (for three different muscles, both left and right side), and two time-domain parameters were extracted from the acquired signals. Data analysis showed intergroup differences in the examined parameters, especially in force integral values and EMG mean absolute values. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that evaluated the composite effects of pain syndromes, spine mobility, and psychological status of the participants on the execution of P&amp;P tasks\u2014concluding that they have a significant impact on the P&amp;P task execution and potentially on the risk of WMSD. The future work will be directed towards the development of a personalized risk assessment system by considering more muscle groups, supplementary data derived from operators\u2019 poses (extracted with computer vision algorithms), and cognitive parameters (extracted with EEG sensors).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22197467","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T03:07:28Z","timestamp":1665371248000},"page":"7467","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Experimental Analysis of Handcart Pushing and Pulling Safety in an Industrial Environment by Using IoT Force and EMG Sensors: Relationship with Operators\u2019 Psychological Status and Pain Syndromes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1335-4054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milos","family":"Petrovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Bulevar kralja Aleksandra 73, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4886-373X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arso M.","family":"Vukicevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, Sestre Janjic 6, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marko","family":"Djapan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, Sestre Janjic 6, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3043-6879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandar","family":"Peulic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geography, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 3, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Milos","family":"Jovicic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The AI Institute of Serbia, Fru\u0161kogorska 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nikola","family":"Mijailovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, Sestre Janjic 6, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Petar","family":"Milovanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Bone Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 4\/2, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Bone Biology and Bioanthropology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 4\/2, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mirko","family":"Grajic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, University Clinical Center of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Pasterova 2, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marija","family":"Savkovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, Sestre Janjic 6, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Caiazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, Sestre Janjic 6, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Velibor","family":"Isailovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, Sestre Janjic 6, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Macuzic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, Sestre Janjic 6, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9029-4465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kosta","family":"Jovanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Bulevar kralja Aleksandra 73, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Nunes, I.L. 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