{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T02:03:33Z","timestamp":1768529013167,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,4]],"date-time":"2022-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664841600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Epilepsy is a very common disease affecting at least 1% of the population, comprising a number of over 50 million people. As many patients suffer from the drug-resistant version, the number of potential treatment methods is very small. However, since not only the treatment of epilepsy, but also its proper diagnosis or observation of brain signals from recordings are important research areas, in this paper, we address this very problem by developing a reliable technique for removing spikes and sharp transients from the baseline of the brain signal using a morphological filter. This allows much more precise identification of the so-called epileptic zone, which can then be resected, which is one of the methods of epilepsy treatment. We used eight patients with 5 KHz data set and depended upon the Staba 2002 algorithm as a reference to detect the ripples. We found that the average sensitivity and false detection rate of our technique are significant, and they are \u223c94% and \u223c14%, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22197522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T05:12:21Z","timestamp":1665378741000},"page":"7522","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Implementation of a Morphological Filter for Removing Spikes from the Epileptic Brain Signals to Improve Identification Ripples"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0286-6890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amir F.","family":"Al-Bakri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Babylon, Hillah 51001, Iraq"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2054-143X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radek","family":"Martinek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automatic Control and Informatics, Opole University of Technology, 45-758 Opole, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Cybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, VSB-Technical University Ostrava\u2014FEECS, 708 00 Ostrava\u2013Poruba, Czech Republic"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2818-1010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariusz","family":"Pelc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automatic Control and Informatics, Opole University of Technology, 45-758 Opole, Poland"},{"name":"School of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, University of Greenwich, Park Row, London SE10 9LS, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9330-4369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaros\u0142aw","family":"Zygarlicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automatic Control and Informatics, Opole University of Technology, 45-758 Opole, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7826-1292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Kawala-Sterniuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automatic Control and Informatics, Opole University of Technology, 45-758 Opole, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"405","article-title":"Critical review of the responsive neurostimulator system for epilepsy","volume":"8","author":"Thomas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Devices"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2874","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-022-10967-6","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of VNS therapy or continued medication management for treatment of adults with drug-resistant epilepsy: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"269","author":"Batson","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2011.03391.x","article-title":"Identification of new epilepsy treatments: Issues in preclinical methodology","volume":"53","author":"Galanopoulou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"World Health Organization, Global Campaign against Epilepsy, and World Health Organization (2005). Atlas: Epilepsy Care in The World, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60456-6","article-title":"Epilepsy: New advances","volume":"385","author":"Perucca","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1687-6180-2014-183","article-title":"EEG seizure detection and prediction algorithms: A survey","volume":"2014","author":"Alotaiby","year":"2014","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Adv. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2013.04.002","article-title":"Feature extraction and recognition of ictal EEG using EMD and SVM","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Reiter-Campeau, S., Namiranian, D., Toffa, D.H., Bouthillier, A., Dubeau, F., and Nguyen, D.K. (2022). Insular Involvement in Cases of Epilepsy Surgery Failure. Brain Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12020125"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12335","article-title":"Life quality and health in adolescents and emerging adults with epilepsy during the years of transition: A scoping review","volume":"56","author":"Thomson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1997.tb01128.x","article-title":"Quality of life of people with epilepsy: A European study","volume":"38","author":"Baker","year":"1997","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17153","article-title":"Association between antiseizure medications and quality of life in epilepsy: A mediation analysis","volume":"63","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.12615","article-title":"Seizure-related injuries in people with epilepsy: A cohort study from Saudi Arabia","volume":"7","author":"Asiri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epilepsia Open"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000001034","article-title":"Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy","volume":"35","author":"Friedman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2022.07.012","article-title":"Mortality rate, risk factors, and causes of death in people with epilepsy and intellectual disability","volume":"101","author":"Liao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2021.115762","article-title":"Brain network topology unraveling epilepsy and ASD Association: Automated EEG-based diagnostic model","volume":"186","author":"Wadhera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adeli, H., and Ghosh-Dastidar, S. (2010). Automated EEG-Based Diagnosis of Neurological Disorders: Inventing the Future of Neurology, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781439815328"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii2","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2005.069245","article-title":"EEG in the diagnosis, classification, and management of patients with epilepsy","volume":"76","author":"Smith","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antoniades, A., Spyrou, L., Took, C.C., and Sanei, S. (2016, January 13\u201316). Deep learning for epileptic intracranial EEG data. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE 26th International Workshop on Machine Learning for Signal Processing (MLSP), Salerno, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/MLSP.2016.7738824"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1097\/00004691-199909000-00001","article-title":"Intracranial EEG in temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"16","author":"Pacia","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1177\/1535759720934852","article-title":"Intracranial EEG in the 21st Century","volume":"20","author":"Jobst","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epilepsy Curr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.20819","article-title":"Rapid consolidation and the human hippocampus: Intracranial recordings confirm surface EEG","volume":"21","author":"Nahum","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nst034","article-title":"Emotion processing in words: A test of the neural re-use hypothesis using surface and intracranial EEG","volume":"9","author":"Ponz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-021-01099-z","article-title":"Intracranial electrophysiological recordings from the human brain during memory tasks with pupillometry","volume":"9","author":"Cimbalnik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0108-2","article-title":"Promises and limitations of human intracranial electroencephalography","volume":"21","author":"Parvizi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kawala-Sterniuk, A., Browarska, N., Al-Bakri, A., Pelc, M., Zygarlicki, J., Sidikova, M., Martinek, R., and Gorzelanczyk, E.J. (2021). Summary of over fifty years with brain-computer interfaces\u2014a review. Brain Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11010043"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2012.06.008","article-title":"High-frequency neural activity and human cognition: Past, present and possible future of intracranial EEG research","volume":"98","author":"Lachaux","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"056011","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/aa7f40","article-title":"Intracranial EEG fluctuates over months after implanting electrodes in human brain","volume":"14","author":"Ung","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnp.2020.12.002","article-title":"Under-sampling in epilepsy: Limitations of conventional EEG","volume":"6","author":"Baud","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1126\/science.81.2089.51","article-title":"Electrical potentials from the intact human brain","volume":"81","author":"Jasper","year":"1935","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2016.04.006","article-title":"The history of invasive EEG evaluation in epilepsy patients","volume":"41","author":"Reif","year":"2016","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"613","article-title":"Intracranial EEG and human brain mapping","volume":"97","author":"Lachaux","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCarty, M.J., Woolnough, O., Mosher, J.C., Seymour, J., and Tandon, N. (2022). The listening zone of human electrocorticographic field potential recordings. Eneuro, 9.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.10.22.465519"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1004418","article-title":"Drug-resistant epilepsy","volume":"365","author":"Kwan","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2017.11.012","article-title":"Surgical versus medical treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"82","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1212\/CON.0000000000000710","article-title":"Identification and treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy","volume":"25","author":"Yoo","year":"2019","journal-title":"CONTINUUM Lifelong Learn. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"439","article-title":"Drug-resistant epilepsy: Definition and treatment alternatives","volume":"30","author":"Osorio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurolog\u00eda"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2008.10.1\/pryvlin","article-title":"Epilepsy surgery: Eligibility criteria and presurgical evaluation","volume":"10","author":"Ryvlin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2008.12.003","article-title":"Electrical stimulation for the treatment of epilepsy","volume":"6","author":"Boon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.680938","article-title":"Directions of deep brain stimulation for epilepsy and Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13964","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for drug-resistant epilepsy","volume":"59","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Hossain, P.S.F., Shaikat, I.M., and George, F.P. (2018). Emotion Recognition Using Brian Signals Based on Time-Frequency Analysis and Supervised Learning Algorithm. [Ph.D. Thesis, BRAC University]."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"016034","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ac520f","article-title":"Beyond rates: Time-varying dynamics of high frequency oscillations as a biomarker of the seizure onset zone","volume":"19","author":"Nunez","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2022.05.003","article-title":"Diagnostic value of high-frequency oscillations for the epileptogenic zone: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"99","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100919","article-title":"Localizing the epileptogenic zone with novel biomarkers","volume":"Volume 39","author":"Papadelis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Seminars in Pediatric Neurology"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1177\/1535759719835669","article-title":"The ambiguous nature of fast ripples in epilepsy surgery","volume":"19","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epilepsy Curr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696882","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.696882","article-title":"Exclusion of the possibility of \u201cfalse ripples\u201d from ripple band high-frequency oscillations recorded from scalp electroencephalogram in children with epilepsy","volume":"15","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17145","article-title":"Correcting for physiological ripples improves epileptic focus identification and outcome prediction","volume":"63","author":"Zweiphenning","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2020.08.001","article-title":"Ictal EEG source localization in focal epilepsy: Review and future perspectives","volume":"131","author":"Staljanssens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.03.040","article-title":"Automated ictal eeg source imaging: A retrospective, blinded clinical validation study","volume":"141","author":"Baroumand","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.03.001","article-title":"Ictal EEG source imaging and connectivity to localize the seizure onset zone in extratemporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"78","author":"Vespa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2005.12.013","article-title":"A system for automatic artifact removal in ictal scalp EEG based on independent component analysis and Bayesian classification","volume":"117","author":"LeVan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2006.00654.x","article-title":"Interictal EEG and the diagnosis of epilepsy","volume":"47","author":"Pillai","year":"2006","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-2789(98)00258-9","article-title":"Nonlinear analyses of interictal EEG map the brain interdependences in human focal epilepsy","volume":"127","author":"Martinerie","year":"1999","journal-title":"Phys. D Nonlinear Phenom."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.2000.tb00121.x","article-title":"The clinical usefulness of ictal surface EEG in neocortical epilepsy","volume":"41","author":"Lee","year":"2000","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2022.01.008","article-title":"Localizing and Lateralizing Value of Seizure Onset Pattern on Surface EEG in FCD Type II","volume":"129","author":"Thamcharoenvipas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.11.2022","article-title":"The localizing value of ictal EEG in focal epilepsy","volume":"57","author":"Foldvary","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1996.tb00577.x","article-title":"Localization of temporal lobe foci by ictal EEG patterns","volume":"37","author":"Ebersole","year":"1996","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.42.12.2279","article-title":"Accuracy and interobserver reliability of scalp ictal EEG","volume":"42","author":"Walczak","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"425","article-title":"Chronic epilepsy and cognition: A longitudinal study in temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"54","author":"Helmstaedter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol. Off. J. Am. Neurol. Assoc. Child Neurol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12616","article-title":"Health-related quality of life, mood, and patient satisfaction after epilepsy surgery in Sweden\u2014A prospective controlled observational study","volume":"55","author":"Taft","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1996.tb01027.x","article-title":"Surgical treatment of extratemporal epilepsy: Clinical, radiologic, and histopathologic findings in 60 patients","volume":"37","author":"Zentner","year":"1996","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e500","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000000500","article-title":"Clinical outcomes and quality of life following surgical treatment for refractory epilepsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"94","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.04.001","article-title":"Measuring outcomes of treatment with antiepileptic drugs in clinical trials","volume":"18","author":"Sander","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22548","article-title":"High-frequency oscillations as a new biomarker in epilepsy","volume":"71","author":"Zijlmans","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e3283373ac8","article-title":"High-frequency oscillations in epileptic brain","volume":"23","author":"Bragin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.2217\/bmm.11.72","article-title":"High-frequency oscillations and other electrophysiological biomarkers of epilepsy: Underlying mechanisms","volume":"5","author":"Staba","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomarkers Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-74306-3","article-title":"High frequency oscillations in epileptic and non-epileptic human hippocampus during a cognitive task","volume":"10","author":"Pail","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00094","article-title":"Localization of the epileptogenic zone using high frequency oscillations","volume":"10","author":"Thomschewski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saeid, S., and Chambers, J. (2007). EEG Signal Processing, John Willey & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470511923"},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Gloor, P. (1975). Contributions of electroencephalography and electrocorticography to the neurosurgical treatment of the epilepsies. Neurosurgical Management of the Epilepsies, Raven Press."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2002.88.4.1743","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of high-frequency oscillations (80\u2013500 Hz) recorded in human epileptic hippocampus and entorhinal cortex","volume":"88","author":"Staba","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2012.03.001","article-title":"High-frequency oscillations (HFOs) in clinical epilepsy","volume":"98","author":"Jacobs","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2014.07.020","article-title":"Generation of physiological and pathological high frequency oscillations: The role of perisomatic inhibition in sharp-wave ripple and interictal spike generation","volume":"31","author":"Freund","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1999.tb02065.x","article-title":"Hippocampal and entorhinal cortex high-frequency oscillations (100\u2013500 Hz) in human epileptic brain and in kainic acid-treated rats with chronic seizures","volume":"40","author":"Bragin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2008.01656.x","article-title":"Interictal high-frequency oscillations (80\u2013500 Hz) are an indicator of seizure onset areas independent of spikes in the human epileptic brain","volume":"49","author":"Jacobs","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2007.00923.x","article-title":"Dynamic changes of ictal high-frequency oscillations in neocortical epilepsy: Using multiple band frequency analysis","volume":"48","author":"Ochi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fcab209","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcab209","article-title":"Blinded study: Prospectively defined high-frequency oscillations predict seizure outcome in individual patients","volume":"3","author":"Dimakopoulos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.12.011","article-title":"Diagnostic evaluation and surgical management of pediatric insular epilepsy utilizing magnetoencephalography and invasive EEG monitoring","volume":"140","author":"Ahmed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318228bee2","article-title":"Interictal scalp fast oscillations as a marker of the seizure onset zone","volume":"77","author":"Dubeau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000410956.29629.4d","article-title":"Interictal Scalp Fast Oscillations as a Marker of the Seizure Onset ZoneAuthor Response","volume":"78","author":"Goldenholz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Bakri, A.F., Yaghouby, F., Besio, W., Ding, L., Modur, P., and Sunderam, S. (2018, January 18\u201321). Effect of Vigilance Changes on the Incidence of High Frequency Oscillations in the Epileptic Brain. Proceedings of the 2018 40th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), Honolulu, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2018.8512339"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1162\/netn_a_00043","article-title":"Using network analysis to localize the epileptogenic zone from invasive EEG recordings in intractable focal epilepsy","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Netw. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"Tassi, L., Jayakar, P., Pieper, T., and Kahane, P. (2016). 6. Intracranial and electrical EEG stimulation recordings. Pediatr. Epilepsy Surg., 61."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graef, A., Flamm, C., Pirker, S., Baumgartner, C., Deistler, M., and Matz, G. (2013, January 3\u20137). Automatic ictal HFO detection for determination of initial seizure spread. Proceedings of the 2013 35th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), Osaka, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2013.6609946"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.11.009","article-title":"Detection of high-frequency oscillations in electroencephalography: A scoping review and an adaptable open-source framework","volume":"84","author":"Wong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2017.08.023","article-title":"The CS algorithm: A novel method for high frequency oscillation detection in EEG","volume":"293","author":"Hewitt","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2006.12.019","article-title":"Human and automated detection of high-frequency oscillations in clinical intracranial EEG recordings","volume":"118","author":"Gardner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.07.016","article-title":"Universal automated high frequency oscillation detector for real-time, long term EEG","volume":"127","author":"Gliske","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2021.3113293","article-title":"HFO detection in epilepsy: A stacked denoising autoencoder and sample weight adjusting factors-based method","volume":"29","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh149","article-title":"High-frequency oscillations and seizure generation in neocortical epilepsy","volume":"127","author":"Worrell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp277","article-title":"Mapping interictal oscillations greater than 200 Hz recorded with intracranial macroelectrodes in human epilepsy","volume":"133","author":"Navarro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2013.08.009","article-title":"Automated detection and classification of high frequency oscillations (HFOs) in human intracereberal EEG","volume":"8","author":"Chaibi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal Process. Control"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gliske, S.V., Stacey, W.C., Moon, K.R., and Hero, A.O. (2016, January 20\u201325). The intrinsic value of HFO features as a biomarker of epileptic activity. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2016.7472887"},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"235","article-title":"Collaborating and sharing data in epilepsy research","volume":"32","author":"Wagenaar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurophysiol. Off. Publ. Am. Electroencephalogr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2018.10.006","article-title":"Algorithm for automatic EEG classification according to the epilepsy type: Benign focal childhood epilepsy and structural focal epilepsy","volume":"48","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal Process. Control"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1080\/03091902.2018.1513576","article-title":"Epilepsy detection from EEG signals: A review","volume":"42","author":"Sharmila","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"60","article-title":"On the implementation and improvement of automatic EEG spike detection algorithm","volume":"56","year":"2015","journal-title":"Liet. Mat. Rinkinys. Ser. A"},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"Jankowski, M. (2006, January 3\u20135). Erosion, dilation and related operators. Proceedings of the 8th International Mathematica Symposium, Kuressaare, Estonia."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/19\/7522\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:46:16Z","timestamp":1760143576000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/19\/7522"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,4]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s22197522"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22197522","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,4]]}}}