{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T14:15:15Z","timestamp":1776176115887,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]],"date-time":"2022-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Korean government (MSIT)","award":["NRF-2021R1F1A106218"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2021R1F1A106218"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Detection of a brain tumor in the early stages is critical for clinical practice and survival rate. Brain tumors arise in multiple shapes, sizes, and features with various treatment options. Tumor detection manually is challenging, time-consuming, and prone to error. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans are mostly used for tumor detection due to their non-invasive properties and also avoid painful biopsy. MRI scanning of one patient\u2019s brain generates many 3D images from multiple directions, making the manual detection of tumors very difficult, error-prone, and time-consuming. Therefore, there is a considerable need for autonomous diagnostics tools to detect brain tumors accurately. In this research, we have presented a novel TumorResnet deep learning (DL) model for brain detection, i.e., binary classification. The TumorResNet model employs 20 convolution layers with a leaky ReLU (LReLU) activation function for feature map activation to compute the most distinctive deep features. Finally, three fully connected classification layers are used to classify brain tumors MRI into normal and tumorous. The performance of the proposed TumorResNet architecture is evaluated on a standard Kaggle brain tumor MRI dataset for brain tumor detection (BTD), which contains brain tumor and normal MR images. The proposed model achieved a good accuracy of 99.33% for BTD. These experimental results, including the cross-dataset setting, validate the superiority of the TumorResNet model over the contemporary frameworks. This study offers an automated BTD method that aids in the early diagnosis of brain cancers. This procedure has a substantial impact on improving treatment options and patient survival.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22197575","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T05:12:21Z","timestamp":1665378741000},"page":"7575","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["A Robust End-to-End Deep Learning-Based Approach for Effective and Reliable BTD Using MR Images"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Naeem","family":"Ullah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Software Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila 47050, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3622-9010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Sohail","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Software Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3306-1195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javed Ali","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Software Engineering, University of Science and Technology Bannu, Bannu 28100, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7676-9869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahyoung","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of AI, Software Gachon University, Seongnem-si 13120, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8093-6690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Shahid","family":"Anwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of AI, Software Gachon University, Seongnem-si 13120, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1468","article-title":"Brain tumor segmentation using genetic algorithm with SVM classifier","volume":"5","author":"Kavitha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. 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