{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:17:39Z","timestamp":1760231859061,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]],"date-time":"2022-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"French Agence Nationale de la Recherche","award":["contract CIFRE 2019\/0605"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["contract CIFRE 2019\/0605"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In 1794, French Engineer Claude Chappe coordinated the deployment of a network of dozens of optical semaphores. These formed \u201cstrings\u201d that were hundreds of kilometers long, allowing for nationwide telegraphy. The Chappe telegraph inspired future developments of long-range telecommunications using electrical telegraphs and, later, digital telecommunication. Long-range wireless networks are used today for the Internet of Things (IoT), including industrial, agricultural, and urban applications. The long-range radio technology used today offers approximately 10 km of range. Long-range IoT solutions use \u201cstar\u201d topology: all devices need to be within range of a gateway device. This limits the area covered by one such network to roughly a disk of a 10 km radius. In this article, we demonstrate a 103 km low-power wireless multi-hop network by combining long-range IoT radio technology with Claude Chappe\u2019s vision. We placed 11 battery-powered devices at the former locations of the Chappe telegraph towers, hanging under helium balloons. We ran a proprietary protocol stack on these devices so they formed a 10-hop multi-hop network: devices forwarded the frames from the \u201cprevious\u201d device in the chain. This is, to our knowledge, the longest low power multi-hop wireless network built to date, demonstrating the potential of combining long-range radio technology with multi-hop technology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22197586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T05:12:21Z","timestamp":1665378741000},"page":"7586","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Historical Twist on Long-Range Wireless: Building a 103 km Multi-Hop Network Replicating Claude Chappe\u2019s Telegraph"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2529-8272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mina","family":"Rady","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Orange Labs, 38240 Meylan, France"},{"name":"Inria, 75012 Paris, France"},{"name":"CITI, National Institute of Applied Sciences (INSA) Lyon, Inria, University of Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wattson Elements\/Falco, 75012 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Razanne","family":"Abu-Aisheh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inria, 75012 Paris, France"},{"name":"Nokia Bell Labs, 91620 Nozay, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7700-9121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mali\u0161a","family":"Vu\u010dini\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inria, 75012 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Astorga Tobar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inria, 75012 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alfonso","family":"Cortes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inria, 75012 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Quentin","family":"Lampin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orange Labs, 38240 Meylan, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3379-9341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominique","family":"Barthel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orange Labs, 38240 Meylan, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3695-9315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Watteyne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inria, 75012 Paris, France"},{"name":"Wattson Elements\/Falco, 75012 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"4","article-title":"Industrial Internet of Things Monitoring Solution for Advanced Predictive Maintenance Applications","volume":"7","author":"Civerchia","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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