{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T02:57:42Z","timestamp":1770346662968,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,7]],"date-time":"2022-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key Research &amp; Development Program of Shaanxi Province","award":["2020ZDLSF06-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020ZDLSF06-03"]}]},{"name":"Key Research &amp; Development Program of Shaanxi Province","award":["42030701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42030701"]}]},{"name":"State Key Program of National Natural Science of China","award":["2020ZDLSF06-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020ZDLSF06-03"]}]},{"name":"State Key Program of National Natural Science of China","award":["42030701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42030701"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Large-scale measurements of soil moisture play a critical role in many fields, such as agriculture, hydrology, and engineering. The distributed temperature sensing (DTS) technology, based on a dual-probe heat pulse (DPHP), is a novel approach to realizing large-scale soil moisture estimation. However, the application of the method is limited by the complex optical cable layout, calculation algorithm, and lack of standardized heating strategy. In this paper, an improved DPHP-DTS method considering the soil bulk density was proposed. The measurement accuracy of the DPHP-DTS method under different heating strategies was studied in laboratory experiments, and its long-term stability in regard to the monitoring of soil moisture during natural evaporation in different soils was tested. The results show that the improved DPHP-DTS method can accurately measure the soil moisture, and the fitting algorithm can reduce the error caused by the accuracy of the DTS temperature measurement under the low-power heating strategy. Its measurement accuracy increases with the increase in the heating strength and duration. In addition, the improved DPHP-DTS method can describe soil evaporation in both sand and loess with good reliability and stability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22197592","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T05:12:21Z","timestamp":1665378741000},"page":"7592","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Improvement and Performance Evaluation of a Dual-Probe Heat Pulse Distributed Temperature Sensing Method Used for Soil Moisture Estimation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1405-8679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun-Cheng","family":"Yao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meng-Ya","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Province Engineering Investigation and Research Institute Co., Ltd., Yangzhou 225002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China JK Institute of Engineering Investigations and Design Co., Ltd., Xi\u2019an 710043, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ji-Wen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China JK Institute of Engineering Investigations and Design Co., Ltd., Xi\u2019an 710043, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2136\/vzj2016.11.0112","article-title":"A TDR Array Probe for Monitoring Near-Surface Soil Moisture Distribution","volume":"16","author":"Sheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vadose Zone J."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"476","article-title":"Measuring Soil Water Content with Ground Penetrating Radar: A Review","volume":"2","author":"Huisman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vadose Zone J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2013.05.003","article-title":"A High Sensitivity Single-Probe Heat Pulse Soil Moisture Sensor Based on a Single Npn Junction Transistor","volume":"96","author":"Dias","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. 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