{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T14:56:48Z","timestamp":1777647408474,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,7]],"date-time":"2022-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008982","name":"Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NPRP12S-0227-190164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NPRP12S-0227-190164"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008982","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008982","name":"Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IRCC-2021-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IRCC-2021-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008982","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008982","name":"Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GUP-2021-019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GUP-2021-019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008982","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008982","name":"Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UKM-TR-011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UKM-TR-011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008982","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004252","name":"International Research Collaboration Co-Fund (IRCC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NPRP12S-0227-190164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NPRP12S-0227-190164"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004252","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004252","name":"International Research Collaboration Co-Fund (IRCC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IRCC-2021-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IRCC-2021-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004252","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004252","name":"International Research Collaboration Co-Fund (IRCC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GUP-2021-019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GUP-2021-019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004252","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004252","name":"International Research Collaboration Co-Fund (IRCC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UKM-TR-011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UKM-TR-011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004252","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004515","name":"Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NPRP12S-0227-190164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NPRP12S-0227-190164"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004515","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004515","name":"Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IRCC-2021-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IRCC-2021-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004515","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004515","name":"Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GUP-2021-019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GUP-2021-019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004515","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004515","name":"Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UKM-TR-011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UKM-TR-011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004515","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An intelligent insole system may monitor the individual\u2019s foot pressure and temperature in real-time from the comfort of their home, which can help capture foot problems in their earliest stages. Constant monitoring for foot complications is essential to avoid potentially devastating outcomes from common diseases such as diabetes mellitus. Inspired by those goals, the authors of this work propose a full design for a wearable insole that can detect both plantar pressure and temperature using off-the-shelf sensors. The design provides details of specific temperature and pressure sensors, circuit configuration for characterizing the sensors, and design considerations for creating a small system with suitable electronics. The procedure also details how, using a low-power communication protocol, data about the individuals\u2019 foot pressure and temperatures may be sent wirelessly to a centralized device for storage. This research may aid in the creation of an affordable, practical, and portable foot monitoring system for patients. The solution can be used for continuous, at-home monitoring of foot problems through pressure patterns and temperature differences between the two feet. The generated maps can be used for early detection of diabetic foot complication with the help of artificial intelligence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22197599","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T05:12:21Z","timestamp":1665378741000},"page":"7599","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Design and Implementation of a Smart Insole System to Measure Plantar Pressure and Temperature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7068-9112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amith","family":"Khandakar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar"},{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronics and Systems Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4599-2192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sakib","family":"Mahmud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0744-8206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad E. H.","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0459-0365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mamun Bin Ibne","family":"Reaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronics and Systems Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Serkan","family":"Kiranyaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar"}]},{"given":"Zaid Bin","family":"Mahbub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Mathematics, North South University, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4819-863X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sawal Hamid","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronics and Systems Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9060-0346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad Ashrif A.","family":"Bakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronics and Systems Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8663-886X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed Arselene","family":"Ayari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar"},{"name":"Technology Innovation and Engineering Education, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Alhatou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuromuscular Division, Hamad General Hospital and Department of Neurology; Al Khor Hospital, Doha 3050, Qatar"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Abdul-Moniem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar"}]},{"given":"Md Ahasan Atick","family":"Faisal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chowdhury, M.E., Khandakar, A., Qiblawey, Y., Reaz, M.B.I., Islam, M.T., and Touati, F. (2020). Machine learning in wearable biomedical systems. Sports Science and Human Health-Different Approaches, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.93228"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2021.104838","article-title":"A machine learning model for early detection of diabetic foot using thermogram images","volume":"137","author":"Khandakar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahman, T., Al-Ishaq, F.A., Al-Mohannadi, F.S., Mubarak, R.S., Al-Hitmi, M.H., Islam, K.R., Khandakar, A., Hssain, A.A., Al-Madeed, S., and Zughaier, S.M. (2021). Mortality Prediction Utilizing Blood Biomarkers to Predict the Severity of COVID-19 Using Machine Learning Technique. Diagnostics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11091582"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90738","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3089601","article-title":"A Transparent and Privacy-Preserving Healthcare Platform with Novel Smart Contract for Smart Cities","volume":"9","author":"Jamil","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132480","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3115472","article-title":"Optically Instrumented Insole for Gait Plantar and Shear Force Monitoring","volume":"9","author":"Tavares","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2696","article-title":"IWGDF guidance on the prevention of foot ulcers in at-risk patients with diabetes","volume":"32","author":"Bus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes\/Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12460","DOI":"10.2196\/12460","article-title":"Continuous temperature-monitoring socks for home use in patients with diabetes: Observational study","volume":"20","author":"Reyzelman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-2294","article-title":"Feasibility and efficacy of a smart mat technology to predict development of diabetic plantar ulcers","volume":"40","author":"Frykberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Inagaki, N., and Fernanda, N. (2017). The impact of diabetic foot problems on health-related quality of life of people with diabetes. [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of Alberta]."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2017.08.40","article-title":"Remote home monitoring to identify and prevent diabetic foot ulceration","volume":"5","author":"Crisologo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2018.27.8.536","article-title":"Relationship between skin temperature monitoring with Smart Socks and plantar pressure distribution: A pilot study","volume":"27","author":"Motawea","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deschamps, K., Matricali, G.A., Roosen, P., Desloovere, K., Bruyninckx, H., Spaepen, P., Nobels, F., Tits, J., Flour, M., and Staes, F. (2013). Classification of forefoot plantar pressure distribution in persons with diabetes: A novel perspective for the mechanical management of diabetic foot?. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079924"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S146121","article-title":"Decompression nerve surgery for diabetic neuropathy: A structured review of published clinical trials","volume":"11","author":"Albers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes. Targets Ther."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2017.10.006","article-title":"Reliability of infrared thermography images in the analysis of the plantar surface temperature in diabetes mellitus","volume":"17","author":"Silva","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Chiropr. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lahiri, B., Bagavathiappan, S., Raj, B., and Philip, J. (2017). Infrared thermography for detection of diabetic neuropathy and vascular disorder. Application of Infrared to Biomedical Sciences, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-3147-2_13"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Schneider, W.L., and Severn, M. (2018). Prevention of plantar ulcers in people with diabetic peripheral neuropathy using pressure-sensing shoe insoles. CADTH Issues in Emerging Health Technologies, Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health. PMID: 29369574."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296817709022","article-title":"An optical-fiber-based smart textile (smart socks) to manage biomechanical risk factors associated with diabetic foot amputation","volume":"11","author":"Najafi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Oks, A., Katashev, A., Zadinans, M., Rancans, M., and Litvak, J. (April, January 31). Development of smart sock system for gate analysis and foot pressure control. Proceedings of the XIV Mediterranean Conference on Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, Paphos, Cyprus."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tahir, A.M., Chowdhury, M.E., Khandakar, A., Al-Hamouz, S., Abdalla, M., Awadallah, S., Reaz, M.B.I., and Al-Emadi, N. (2020). A systematic approach to the design and characterization of a smart insole for detecting vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) in gait analysis. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20040957"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9884","DOI":"10.3390\/s120709884","article-title":"Foot plantar pressure measurement system: A review","volume":"12","author":"Zayegh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2016.12.008","article-title":"Walking cadence affects rate of plantar foot temperature change but not final temperature in younger and older adults","volume":"52","author":"Reddy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beach, C., Cooper, G., Weightman, A., Hodson-Tole, E.F., Reeves, N.D., and Casson, A.J. (2021). Monitoring of dynamic plantar foot temperatures in diabetes with personalised 3d-printed wearables. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21051717"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9104","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2022.3162713","article-title":"A Portable Insole System to Simultaneously Measure Plantar Pressure and Shear Stress","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109091","article-title":"An intelligent insole system with personalised digital feedback reduces foot pressures during daily life: An 18-month randomised controlled trial","volume":"181","author":"Chatwin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Amanda Killeen, D., Neff, N., Petersen, B., Bloom, J., and Walters, J. (2022, March 05). Remote Temperature Monitoring to Prompt Timely Preventative Debridement a Case Series of Two Patients. Available online: https:\/\/www.podimetrics.com\/static\/Killeen-Preventative-Debridement.pdf."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anzai, E., Tripette, J., Nakajima, K., and Ohta, Y. (2020, January 10\u201312). Comparative study between a novel 7-sensor plantar pressure measurement insole and the F-scan device. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE 2nd Global Conference on Life Sciences and Technologies (LifeTech), Kyoto, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/LifeTech48969.2020.1570618681"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khandakar, A., Chowdhury, M.E., Reaz, M.B.I., Ali, S.H.M., Kiranyaz, S., Rahman, T., Chowdhury, M.H., Ayari, M.A., Alfkey, R., and Bakar, A.A.A. (2022). A Novel Machine Learning Approach for Severity Classification of Diabetic Foot Complications Using Thermogram Images. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22114249"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khandakar, A., Chowdhury, M.E., Reaz, M.B.I., Ali, S.H.M., Abbas, T.O., Alam, T., Ayari, M.A., Mahbub, Z.B., Habib, R., and Rahman, T. (2022). Thermal change index-based diabetic foot thermogram image classification using machine learning techniques. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22051793"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niemann, U., Spiliopoulou, M., Szczepanski, T., Samland, F., Gr\u00fctzner, J., Senk, D., Ming, A., Kellersmann, J., Malanowski, J., and Klose, S. (2016). Comparative clustering of plantar pressure distributions in diabetics with polyneuropathy may be applied to reveal inappropriate biomechanical stress. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161326"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Netten, J.J., Van Baal, J.G., Liu, C., Van Der Heijden, F., and Bus, S.A. (2013). Infrared Thermal Imaging for Automated Detection of Diabetic Foot Complications, SAGE Publications Sage CA.","DOI":"10.1177\/193229681300700504"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2020, January 01). Available online: https:\/\/www.littelfuse.com\/~\/media\/electronics\/datasheets\/thermistor_probes_and_assemblies\/littelfuse_thermistor_probes_assemblies_special_usp16673_datasheet.pdf."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2021, February 01). Thermal-Ribbon Flexible RTD and Thermocouple Temperature Sensors. Available online: https:\/\/www.mod-tronic.com\/Rewind_Sensors\/Minco_Thermal-Ribbon_Flexible_Sensors.html."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"ESPRESSIF (2020, January 01). Available online: https:\/\/www.espressif.com\/."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Adafruit (2020, January 01). Available online: https:\/\/www.adafruit.com\/product\/2821."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"NORDIC SEMICONDUCTOR (2021, January 01). Available online: https:\/\/www.nordicsemi.com\/."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2020, January 01). Arduino Nano BLE Sense. Available online: https:\/\/www.arduino.cc\/en\/Guide\/NANO33BLESense."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Sparfun (2022, September 10). FSR Force Sensing Resistor Integration Guide and Evaluation Parts Catalog. Available online: https:\/\/www.sparkfun.com\/datasheets\/Sensors\/Pressure\/fsrguide.pdf."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Interlink Electronics (2020). FSR 402 Data Sheet, Interlink Electronics. [1st ed.]. Available online: https:\/\/www.trossenrobotics.com\/productdocs\/2010-10-26-DataSheet-FSR402-Layout2.pdf."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"m. I. i. Electronics (2001, March 01). Piezoelectric Ceramic Sensors (PIEZOTITE). Available online: https:\/\/www.farnell.com\/datasheets\/43406.pdf."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suprapto, S., Setiawan, A., Zakaria, H., Adiprawita, W., and Supartono, B. (2017, January 6\u20137). Low-cost pressure sensor matrix using velostat. Proceedings of the 2017 5th International Conference on Instrumentation, Communications, Information Technology, and Biomedical Engineering (ICICI-BME), Bandung, Indonesia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICICI-BME.2017.8537720"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"(2022, March 01). Lesson 5: Force-Sensitive Resistors. Available online: https:\/\/makeabilitylab.github.io\/physcomp\/arduino\/force-sensitive-resistors.html."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/19\/7599\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:47:44Z","timestamp":1760143664000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/19\/7599"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,7]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s22197599"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22197599","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,7]]}}}