{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T11:43:57Z","timestamp":1772365437001,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,8]],"date-time":"2022-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61673212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61673212"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To intercept the great maneuvering target, combining with the sliding mode and the extended disturbance observer, a new control algorithm for integrated guidance and control (IGC) system is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the paper formulates the Missile\u2013Target problem. Then the paper establishes an uncertain IGC dynamic model where the nonlinearities, the perturbations and the maneuvering of the target are regarded as disturbance. Secondly, a second-order disturbance observer is designed to estimate the disturbance and their derivatives.. After this, combining with the second-order disturbance observer, a modified sliding surface and the corresponding reaching law are designed to obtain the rudder deflection command directly. Thus, the real sense of IGC system is achieved. Next, the paper uses the Lyapunov stability theory to prove the stability of the system. Finally, the paper provides different simulation cases, which have different maneuver modes of the target, to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method in reducing the response time, increasing the rudder response, and having a high interception probability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22197618","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T05:12:21Z","timestamp":1665378741000},"page":"7618","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A New Sliding Mode Control Algorithm of IGC System for Intercepting Great Maneuvering Target Based on EDO"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Kang","family":"Niu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Astronautics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Astronautics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Astronautics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiaxun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Astronautics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianqiao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Astronautics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ast.2018.10.025","article-title":"Integrated strapdown missile guidance and control based on neural network disturbance observer","volume":"84","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aerosp. 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