{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T16:43:57Z","timestamp":1783529037555,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,9]],"date-time":"2022-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Council of Canada"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Telehealth systems have evolved into more prevalent services that can serve people in remote locations and at their homes via smart devices and 5G systems. Protecting the privacy and security of users is crucial in such online systems. Although there are many protocols to provide security through strong authentication systems, sophisticated IoT attacks are becoming more prevalent. Using machine learning to handle biometric information or physical layer features is key to addressing authentication problems for human and IoT devices, respectively. This tutorial discusses machine learning applications to propose robust authentication protocols. Since machine learning methods are trained based on hidden concepts in biometric and physical layer data, these dynamic authentication models can be more reliable than traditional methods. The main advantage of these methods is that the behavioral traits of humans and devices are tough to counterfeit. Furthermore, machine learning facilitates continuous and context-aware authentication.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22197655","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T05:12:21Z","timestamp":1665378741000},"page":"7655","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Using Machine Learning for Dynamic Authentication in Telehealth: A Tutorial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2082-2840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehdi","family":"Hazratifard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fayez","family":"Gebali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4045-8687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Mamun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council of Canada, Government of Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"313","article-title":"Increased use of Medicare telehealth during the pandemic","volume":"327","author":"Suran","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.5195\/ijt.2017.6231","article-title":"A systematic review of research studies examining telehealth privacy and security practices used by healthcare providers","volume":"9","author":"Watzlaf","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. 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