{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T06:02:06Z","timestamp":1775196126023,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,9]],"date-time":"2022-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["883315"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["883315"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Electrotactile stimulation is a technology that reproducibly elicits tactile sensations and can be used as an alternative channel to communicate information to the user. The presented work is a part of an effort to develop this technology into an unobtrusive communication tool for first responders. In this study, the aim was to compare the success rate (SR) between discriminating stimulation at six spatial locations (static encoding) and recognizing six spatio-temporal patterns where pads are activated sequentially in a predetermined order (dynamic encoding). Additionally, a procedure for a fast amplitude calibration, that includes a semi-automated initialization and an optional manual adjustment, was employed and evaluated. Twenty subjects, including twelve first responders, participated in the study. The electrode comprising the 3 \u00d7 2 matrix of pads was placed on the lateral torso. The results showed that high SRs could be achieved for both types of message encoding after a short learning phase; however, the dynamic approach led to a statistically significant improvement in messages recognition (SR of 93.3%), compared to static stimulation (SR of 83.3%). The proposed calibration procedure was also effective since in 83.8% of the cases the subjects did not need to adjust the stimulation amplitude manually.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22197658","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T05:12:21Z","timestamp":1665378741000},"page":"7658","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Electrotactile Communication via Matrix Electrode Placed on the Torso Using Fast Calibration, and Static vs. Dynamic Encoding"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4487-9999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jovana","family":"Male\u0161evi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnalia Serbia, Ltd., 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1299-4252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milo\u0161","family":"Kosti\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnalia Serbia, Ltd., 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1204-963X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabricio A.","family":"Jure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurorehabilitation Systems, Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1275-4064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erika G.","family":"Spaich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurorehabilitation Systems, Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3035-147X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Strahinja","family":"Do\u0161en","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurorehabilitation Systems, Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark"}]},{"given":"Vojin","family":"Ili\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing and Control Engineering, Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21102 Novi Sad, Serbia"}]},{"given":"Goran","family":"Bijeli\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnalia, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20009 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain"}]},{"given":"Matija","family":"\u0160trbac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnalia Serbia, Ltd., 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.displa.2007.07.003","article-title":"Tactile Displays: Overview and Recent Advances","volume":"29","author":"Chouvardas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Displays"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.1982.324948","article-title":"Electrocutaneous Stimulation for Sensory Communication in Rehabilitation Engineering","volume":"BME-29","author":"Szeto","year":"1982","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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