{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:19:33Z","timestamp":1760231973529,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n, Investigaci\u00f3n y Universidades (MCIU)","award":["PGC2018-096663-B-C41,-A-C42, -B-C43, -B-C44","PROMETEO\/2020\/019","GRISOLIA\/2018\/119","CIDEGENT\/2018\/034","CIDEGENT\/2020\/049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PGC2018-096663-B-C41,-A-C42, -B-C43, -B-C44","PROMETEO\/2020\/019","GRISOLIA\/2018\/119","CIDEGENT\/2018\/034","CIDEGENT\/2020\/049"]}]},{"name":"Generalitat Valenciana","award":["PGC2018-096663-B-C41,-A-C42, -B-C43, -B-C44","PROMETEO\/2020\/019","GRISOLIA\/2018\/119","CIDEGENT\/2018\/034","CIDEGENT\/2020\/049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PGC2018-096663-B-C41,-A-C42, -B-C43, -B-C44","PROMETEO\/2020\/019","GRISOLIA\/2018\/119","CIDEGENT\/2018\/034","CIDEGENT\/2020\/049"]}]},{"name":"Grisol\u00eda","award":["PGC2018-096663-B-C41,-A-C42, -B-C43, -B-C44","PROMETEO\/2020\/019","GRISOLIA\/2018\/119","CIDEGENT\/2018\/034","CIDEGENT\/2020\/049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PGC2018-096663-B-C41,-A-C42, -B-C43, -B-C44","PROMETEO\/2020\/019","GRISOLIA\/2018\/119","CIDEGENT\/2018\/034","CIDEGENT\/2020\/049"]}]},{"name":"GenT","award":["PGC2018-096663-B-C41,-A-C42, -B-C43, -B-C44","PROMETEO\/2020\/019","GRISOLIA\/2018\/119","CIDEGENT\/2018\/034","CIDEGENT\/2020\/049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PGC2018-096663-B-C41,-A-C42, -B-C43, -B-C44","PROMETEO\/2020\/019","GRISOLIA\/2018\/119","CIDEGENT\/2018\/034","CIDEGENT\/2020\/049"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Light sources emitting short pulses are needed in many particle physics experiments using optical sensors as they can replicate the light produced by the particles being detected and are also an important calibration and test element. This work presents NOPELED, a light source based on LEDs emitting short optical pulses with typical rise times of less than 3 ns and Full Width at Half Maximum lower than 7 ns. The emission wavelength depends on the model of LED used. Several LED models have been characterized in the range from 405 to 532 nm, although NOPELED can work with LED emitting wavelengths outside of that region. While the wavelength is fixed for a given LED model, the intensity and the frequency of the optical pulse can be controlled. NOPELED, which also has low cost and simple operation, can be operated remotely, making it appropriate for either different physics experiments needing in-place light sources such as astrophysical neutrino detectors using photo-multipliers or positron emission tomography devices using scintillation counters, or, beyond physics, applications needing short pulses of light such as protein fluorescence or chemodetection of heavy metals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22197683","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]],"date-time":"2022-10-11T00:50:01Z","timestamp":1665449401000},"page":"7683","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A Narrow Optical Pulse Emitter Based on LED: NOPELED"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Diego","family":"Real","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IFIC\u2014Instituto de F\u00edsica Corpuscular, CSIC\u2014Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, c\/Catedr\u00e1tico Jos\u00e9 Beltr\u00e1n, 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5280-5770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Calvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IFIC\u2014Instituto de F\u00edsica Corpuscular, CSIC\u2014Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, c\/Catedr\u00e1tico Jos\u00e9 Beltr\u00e1n, 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2615-6586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Architecture and Technology\/CITIC, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8610-8703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Salesa Greus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IFIC\u2014Instituto de F\u00edsica Corpuscular, CSIC\u2014Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, c\/Catedr\u00e1tico Jos\u00e9 Beltr\u00e1n, 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9596-7078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agust\u00edn","family":"S\u00e1nchez Losa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IFIC\u2014Instituto de F\u00edsica Corpuscular, CSIC\u2014Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, c\/Catedr\u00e1tico Jos\u00e9 Beltr\u00e1n, 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"The KM3NeT Collaboration, Aiello, S., Albert, A., Alshamsi, M., Garre, S.A., Aly, Z., Ambrosone, A., Ameli, F., Andre, M., and Androulakis, G. 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