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In particular, railway transportation is gaining attention as a promising solution to cope with the mobility challenges in large urban areas. Thanks to the miniaturisation of sensors and the deployment of fast data networks, the railway industry is being augmented with contextual, real-time information that opens the door to novel and personalised services. Despite the benefits of this digitalisation, the high complexity of railway transportation entails a number of challenges, particularly from security and privacy perspectives. Since railway assets are attractive targets for terrorism, coping with strong security and privacy requirements such as cryptography and privacy-preserving methods is of utmost importance. This article provides a thorough systematic literature review on information security and privacy within railway transportation systems, following the well-known methodology proposed by vom Brocke et al. We sketch out the most relevant studies and outline the main focuses, challenges and solutions described in the literature, considering technical, societal, regulatory and ethical approaches. Additionally, we discuss the remaining open issues and suggest several research lines that will gain relevance in the years to come.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22207698","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]],"date-time":"2022-10-11T06:13:27Z","timestamp":1665468807000},"page":"7698","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Information Security and Privacy in Railway Transportation: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9685-9084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"L\u00f3pez-Aguilar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anti-Phishing Working Group\u2014Europe, Av. Diagonal 621\u2013628, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Smart Technologies Research Group, Department of Computer Engineering and Mathematics, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Pa\u00efsos Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8046-6016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edgar","family":"Batista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smart Technologies Research Group, Department of Computer Engineering and Mathematics, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Pa\u00efsos Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1787-7410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antoni","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Ballest\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smart Technologies Research Group, Department of Computer Engineering and Mathematics, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. 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