{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T23:01:51Z","timestamp":1767999711492,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]],"date-time":"2022-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation under the Samara National Research University","award":["FSSS-2021-0016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FSSS-2021-0016"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation under the Samara National Research University","award":["007-GZ\/Ch3363\/26"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["007-GZ\/Ch3363\/26"]}]},{"name":"FSRC \u201cCrystallography and Photonics\u201d of the Russian Academy of Sciences","award":["FSSS-2021-0016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FSSS-2021-0016"]}]},{"name":"FSRC \u201cCrystallography and Photonics\u201d of the Russian Academy of Sciences","award":["007-GZ\/Ch3363\/26"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["007-GZ\/Ch3363\/26"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A high-efficiency dual-purpose plasmonic perfect absorber sensor based on LiNbO3 and graphene layers was investigated in this paper for the refractive index and thermal sensing. The sensor design was kept simple for easy fabrication, comprising a LiNbO3 substrate with a quartz layer, thin layer of graphene, four gold nanorods, and a nanocavity in each unit cell. The nanocavity is located in the middle of the cell to facilitate the penetration of EM energy to the subsurface layers. The proposed sensor design achieved an output response of 99.9% reflection, which was easy to detect without having any specialized conditions for operability. The performance of the device was numerically investigated for the biomedical refractive index range of 1.33 to 1.40, yielding a sensitivity value of 981 nm\/RIU with a figure-of-merit of 61.31 RIU\u22121. By including an additional polydimethylsiloxane polymer functional layer on the top, the device was also tested as a thermal sensor, which yielded a sensitivity level of \u22120.23 nm\/\u00b0C.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22207790","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T03:43:58Z","timestamp":1665978238000},"page":"7790","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Plasmonic Refractive Index and Temperature Sensor Based on Graphene and LiNbO3"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Irfan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanophotonics Research Group, Department of Electronic Engineering, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta 87300, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0415-6948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yousuf","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanophotonics Research Group, Department of Electronic Engineering, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta 87300, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9510-6531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atiq Ur","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanophotonics Research Group, Department of Electronic Engineering, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta 87300, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0829-4886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad A.","family":"Butt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warszawa, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6765-4373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Svetlana N.","family":"Khonina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technical Cybernetics, Samara National Research University, 443086 Samara, Russia"},{"name":"IPSI RAS-Branch of the FSRC \u201cCrystallography and Photonics\u201d RAS, 443001 Samara, Russia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0180-7522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolay L.","family":"Kazanskiy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technical Cybernetics, Samara National Research University, 443086 Samara, Russia"},{"name":"IPSI RAS-Branch of the FSRC \u201cCrystallography and Photonics\u201d RAS, 443001 Samara, Russia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sintl.2021.100100","article-title":"Biosensors applications in medical field: A brief review","volume":"2","author":"Haleem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sens. 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