{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T04:34:37Z","timestamp":1775104477472,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]],"date-time":"2022-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The excessive use of digital platforms with rapidly increasing users in the wireless domain enforces communication systems to provide information with high data rates, high reliability and strong transmission connection quality. Wireless systems with single antenna elements are not able to accomplish the desired needs. Therefore, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas are getting more attention in modern high-speed communication systems and play an essential part in the current generation of wireless technology. However, along with their ability to significantly increase channel capacity, it is a challenge to achieve an optimal isolation in a compact size for fifth-generation (5G) terminals. Portable devices, automobiles, handheld gadgets, smart phones, wireless sensors, radio frequency identification and other applications use MIMO antenna systems. In this review paper, the fundamentals of MIMO antennas, the performance parameters of MIMO antennas, and different design approaches and methodologies are discussed to realize the three most commonly used MIMO antennas, i.e., ultra-wideband (UWB), dual-band and circularly polarized antennas. The recent MIMO antenna design approaches with UWB, dual band and circularly polarized characteristics are compared in terms of their isolation techniques, gain, efficiency, envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) and channel capacity loss (CCL). This paper is very helpful to design suitable MIMO antennas applicable in UWB systems, satellite communication systems, GSM, Bluetooth, WiMAX, WLAN and many more. The issues with MIMO antenna systems in the indoor environment along with possible solutions to improve their performance are discussed. The paper also focuses on the applications of MIMO characteristics for future sixth-generation (6G) technology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22207813","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T03:43:58Z","timestamp":1665978238000},"page":"7813","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":158,"title":["MIMO Antennas: Design Approaches, Techniques and Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Preeti","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Division, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida 203201, India"},{"name":"Department of Applied Sciences, Greater Noida Institute of Technology, Greater Noida 201310, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2740-2427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rakesh N.","family":"Tiwari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Madanapalle Institute of Technology & Science, Madanapalle 517325, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8272-3293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prabhakar","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Division, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida 203201, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6317-912X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pradeep","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa"}]},{"given":"Binod K.","family":"Kanaujia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India"},{"name":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Dr. B. 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