{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T08:02:11Z","timestamp":1768291331707,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]],"date-time":"2022-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this work, new results are presented on the implementation of predictive diagnosis techniques on isolated photovoltaic (PV) systems and installations. The novelties introduced in this research focus on the additional advantages obtained from the point of view of predictive diagnosis of faults caused by partial shading in isolated PV installations using maximum power point tracking (MPPT) regulators. MPPT regulators are comparatively more appropriate than pulse width modulation (PWM) solar regulators in order to implement fault diagnosis systems. MPPT regulators have a physical separation between the electrical parameters belonging to the part of the solar panel with respect to the batteries part. Therefore, these electrical parameters can be used to obtain early predictive symptoms of the effects of partial shading with a greater level of observation and sensitivity. Additionally, modifications are proposed in the PV system assembly to obtain greater homogeneity of all the panels regarding the solar irradiance reception angle.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22207819","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T03:43:58Z","timestamp":1665978238000},"page":"7819","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Predictive Diagnosis Based on Predictor Symptoms for Isolated Photovoltaic Systems Using MPPT Charge Regulators"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Emilio","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Autom\u00e1tica e Inform\u00e1tica Industrial, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Camino de Vera, s\/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0578-4716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Quiles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Autom\u00e1tica e Inform\u00e1tica Industrial, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Camino de Vera, s\/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2443-9857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Correcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Autom\u00e1tica e Inform\u00e1tica Industrial, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Camino de Vera, s\/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Morant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Autom\u00e1tica e Inform\u00e1tica Industrial, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Camino de Vera, s\/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.2514\/3.25820","article-title":"Solar Array \u201cHot-Spot\u201d Testing and Analysis","volume":"23","author":"Papula","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Spacecr. Rocket."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2017.06.014","article-title":"Seven Indicators Variations for Multiple PV Array Configurations under Partial Shading and Faulty PV Conditions","volume":"113","author":"Dhimish","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1002\/pip.1188","article-title":"Analytical Study and Evaluation Results of Power Optimizers for Distributed Power Conditioning in Photovoltaic Arrays","volume":"21","author":"Orduz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2009.09.016","article-title":"Detection and Analysis of Hot-Spot Formation in Solar Cells","volume":"94","author":"Simon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2012.09.013","article-title":"Broken Metal Fingers in Silicon Wafer Solar Cells and PV Modules","volume":"108","author":"Chaturvedi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsamd.2017.05.005","article-title":"The Impact of Cracks on Photovoltaic Power Performance","volume":"2","author":"Dhimish","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sci. Adv. Mater. Devices"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2020.110512","article-title":"Application of Artificial Neural Networks to Photovoltaic Fault Detection and Diagnosis: A Review","volume":"138","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2007.12.010","article-title":"A New Estimation Method of Irradiance on a Partially Shaded PV Generator in Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems","volume":"33","author":"Drif","year":"2008","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/S0927-0248(02)00143-5","article-title":"An Evaluation Method of PV Systems","volume":"75","author":"Oozeki","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1002\/pip.844","article-title":"An Investigation into Hot-Spots in Two Large Grid-Connected PV Plants","volume":"16","author":"Lorenzo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda, E., Quiles, E., Zotovic-stanisic, R., and Guti\u00e9rrez, S.C. (2022). Predictive Fault Diagnosis for Ship Photovoltaic Modules Systems Applications. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22062175"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, J., Xu, R., Chen, X., Li, Y., and Wu, J. (2013, January 17\u201321). A Novel Solar Panel Optimizer with Self-Compensation for Partial Shadow Condition. Proceedings of the 2013 Twenty-Eighth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), Long Beach, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/APEC.2013.6520190"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2012.2213270","article-title":"Design, Analysis, and Implementation of Solar Power Optimizer for DC Distribution System","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yilmaz, A., Demirci, A., and Tercan, S.M. (2021, January 25\u201327). Technical Comparison of PWM and MPPT Charge Regulators. Proceedings of the 2021 13th International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering, ELECO, Bursa, Turkey.","DOI":"10.23919\/ELECO54474.2021.9677660"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, H., Haque, A., and Jaffery, Z.A. (2019, January 16\u201317). Design Analysis of PWM MPPT Power Converters for Energy Harvesting IoT Nodes. Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Power Electronics, Control and Automation, ICPECA, New Delhi, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPECA47973.2019.8975396"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda, E., Ponluisa, N., Quiles, E., Zotovic-Stanisic, R., and Guti\u00e9rrez, S.C. (2022). Solar Panels String Predictive and Parametric Fault Diagnosis Using Low-Cost Sensors. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22010332"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Victron Energy (2022, August 25). MTTP Regulators. Available online: https:\/\/www.victronenergy.com\/upload\/documents\/Manual_SmartSolar_MPPT_75-10_up_to_100-20\/MPPT_solar_charger_manual-en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Victron Energy (2022, August 25). Cerbo GX. Available online: https:\/\/www.victronenergy.com\/upload\/documents\/Cerbo_GX\/GX_Device_Manual-en.pd."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Victron Energy (2022, August 25). Victron Connect Manual. Available online: https:\/\/www.victronenergy.com\/upload\/documents\/VictronConnect_Manual\/VictronConnect_manual-en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Victron Energy (2022, August 25). Installation. Available online: https:\/\/vrm.victronenergy.com\/installation-overview?demo-login."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Victron Energy (2022, August 25). VE.Smart Networking. Available online: https:\/\/www.victronenergy.com\/upload\/documents\/VE.Smart_Networking\/VE_Smart_Networking-en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1002\/qre.829","article-title":"Multivariate Statistical Process Control Charts: An Overview","volume":"23","author":"Bersimis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Qual. Reliab. Eng. Int."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/07350015.1988.10509640","article-title":"Time-Series Modeling for Statistical Process Control","volume":"6","author":"Alwan","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Bus. Econ. Stat."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1205\/cherd.04280","article-title":"Fault Diagnosis by Qualitative Trend Analysis of the Principal Components","volume":"83","author":"Maurya","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Res. Des."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2006.06.020","article-title":"Fault Diagnosis Using Dynamic Trend Analysis: A Review and Recent Developments","volume":"20","author":"Maurya","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2017.09.048","article-title":"Reliable Fault Detection and Diagnosis of Photovoltaic Systems Based on Statistical Monitoring Approaches","volume":"116","author":"Harrou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.09.101","article-title":"Fault Detection and Monitoring Systems for Photovoltaic Installations: A Review","volume":"82","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2018.03.062","article-title":"Fault Detection and Diagnosis Methods for Photovoltaic Systems: A Review","volume":"91","author":"Mellit","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2020.106457","article-title":"Real-Time Fault Detection in PV Systems under MPPT Using PMU and High-Frequency Multi-Sensor Data through Online PCA-KDE-Based Multivariate KL Divergence","volume":"125","author":"Bakdi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riley, D.M., and Venayagamoorthy, G.K. (2011, January 19\u201324). Comparison of a Recurrent Neural Network PV System Model with a Traditional Component-Based PV System Model. Proceedings of the 2011 37th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, Seattle, WA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/PVSC.2011.6186438"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bosman, L.B., Leon-Salas, W.D., Hutzel, W., and Soto, E.A. (2020). PV System Predictive Maintenance: Challenges, Current Approaches, and Opportunities. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13061398"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/20\/7819\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:54:27Z","timestamp":1760144067000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/20\/7819"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s22207819"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22207819","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]}}}