{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T04:03:34Z","timestamp":1779336214002,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]],"date-time":"2022-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although IoT technology is advanced, wireless systems are prone to faults and attacks. The replaying information about routing in the case of multi-hop routing has led to the problem of identity deception among nodes. The devastating attacks against the routing protocols as well as harsh network conditions make the situation even worse. Although most of the research in the literature aim at making the IoT system more trustworthy and ensuring faultlessness, it is still a challenging task. Motivated by this, the present proposal introduces a trust-aware routing mechanism (TARM), which uses an edge node with mobility feature that can collect data from faultless nodes. The edge node works based on a trust evaluation method, which segregates the faulty and anomalous nodes from normal nodes. In TARM, a modified gray wolf optimization (GWO) is used for forming the clusters out of the deployed sensor nodes. Once the clusters are formed, each cluster\u2019s trust values are calculated, and the edge node starts collecting data only from trustworthy nodes via the respective cluster heads. The artificial bee colony optimization algorithm executes the optimal routing path from the trustworthy nodes to the mobile edge node. The simulations show that the proposed method exhibits around a 58% hike in trustworthiness, ensuring the high security offered by the proposed trust evaluation scheme when validated with other similar approaches. It also shows a detection rate of 96.7% in detecting untrustworthy nodes. Additionally, the accuracy of the proposed method reaches 91.96%, which is recorded to be the highest among the similar latest schemes. The performance of the proposed approach has proved that it has overcome many weaknesses of previous similar techniques with low cost and mitigated complexity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22207820","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T03:43:58Z","timestamp":1665978238000},"page":"7820","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Trust-Aware Routing Mechanism through an Edge Node for IoT-Enabled Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6725-7383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alaa","family":"Saleh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"General Organization of Remote Sensing (GORS), Latakia P.O. Box 12586, Syria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3496-8397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pallavi","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, GH Raisoni Institute of Engineering and Technology, Nagpur 440028, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4571-1888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajkumar Singh","family":"Rathore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Cardiff School of Technologies, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Llandaff Campus, Cardiff CF5 2YB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2171-9332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandeep Singh","family":"Sengar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Cardiff School of Technologies, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Llandaff Campus, Cardiff CF5 2YB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donta, P.K., Srirama, S.N., Amgoth, T., and Annavarapu, C.S.R. Survey on recent advances in IoT application layer protocols and machine learning scope for research directions. Digit. Commun. Netw., 2022. in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcan.2021.10.004"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11250","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2996671","article-title":"A game-theoretic approach for enhancing security and data trustworthiness in IoT applications","volume":"7","author":"Abdalzaher","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2018.09.013","article-title":"Machine learning algorithms for wireless sensor networks: A survey","volume":"49","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inf. Fusion"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2021.09.001","article-title":"Data fusion and transfer learning empowered granular trust evaluation for Internet of Things","volume":"78","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inf. Fusion"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"100642","article-title":"Delay-aware data fusion in duty-cycled wireless sensor networks: A Q-learning approach","volume":"33","author":"Donta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustain. Comput. Inform. Syst."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donta, P.K., Amgoth, T., and Rao, A.C.S. (2020, January 9\u201312). Congestion-aware data acquisition with q-learning for wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International IOT, Electronics and Mechatronics Conference (IEMTRONICS), Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMTRONICS51293.2020.9216379"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25352","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3066492","article-title":"Artificial intelligence and edge computing-enabled web spam detection for next generation IoT applications","volume":"21","author":"Makkar","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2021.3098317","article-title":"Trustworthy Target Tracking With Collaborative Deep Reinforcement Learning in EdgeAI-Aided IoT","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13677-020-00202-w","article-title":"An active and verifiable trust evaluation approach for edge computing","volume":"9","author":"Mo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cloud Comput."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4218","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2966870","article-title":"Edge-computing-based trustworthy data collection model in the internet of things","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2019.02.004","article-title":"BTEM: Belief based trust evaluation mechanism for wireless sensor networks","volume":"96","author":"Anwar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sah, D.K., Nguyen, T.N., Kandulna, M., Cengiz, K., and Amgoth, T. (2022). 3D Localization and Error Minimization in Underwater Sensor Networks. ACM Trans. Sens. Netw. (TOSN).","DOI":"10.1145\/3460435"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3268","DOI":"10.1007\/s12083-021-01137-y","article-title":"Trust based task offloading scheme in UAV-enhanced edge computing network","volume":"14","author":"Ouyang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Peer-Netw. Appl."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"102530","article-title":"Energy efficient medium access control protocol for data collection in wireless sensor network: A Q-learning approach","volume":"53","author":"Sah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustain. Energy Technol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-019-06223-2","article-title":"A grey wolf optimization approach for improving the performance of wireless sensor networks","volume":"106","author":"Kaushik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2021.04.007","article-title":"Mobile edge-enabled trust evaluation for the Internet of Things","volume":"75","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inf. Fusion"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10585","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3075959","article-title":"Trust based secure and energy efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor networks","volume":"10","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8864","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2021.3128954","article-title":"An intelligent trust cloud management method for secure clustering in 5G enabled internet of medical things","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kammoun, N., Abassi, R., and Guemara, S. (2019, January 24\u201328). Towards a new clustering algorithm based on trust management and edge computing for IoT. Proceedings of the 2019 15th International Wireless Communications & Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC), Tangier, Morocco.","DOI":"10.1109\/IWCMC.2019.8766492"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2020.103756","article-title":"Trust management and evaluation for edge intelligence in the Internet of Things","volume":"94","author":"Qureshi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2021.102779","article-title":"Intelligent and secure edge-enabled computing model for sustainable cities using green internet of things","volume":"68","author":"Haseeb","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kijoms.2018.09.001","article-title":"Optimal cluster analysis using hybrid K-Means and Ant Lion Optimizer","volume":"4","author":"Majhi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Karbala Int. J. Mod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2018.05.045","article-title":"A modified Bee Colony Optimization (MBCO) and its hybridization with k-means for an application to data clustering","volume":"70","author":"Das","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5128","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2020.3037872","article-title":"A secured and intelligent communication scheme for IIoT-enabled pervasive edge computing","volume":"17","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2018.05.008","article-title":"ACO-based mobile sink path determination for wireless sensor networks under non-uniform data constraints","volume":"69","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2020.05.048","article-title":"An effective feature engineering for DNN using hybrid PCA-GWO for intrusion detection in IoMT architecture","volume":"160","author":"Rm","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2558","DOI":"10.1002\/spe.2797","article-title":"A metaheuristic optimization approach for energy efficiency in the IoT networks","volume":"51","author":"Iwendi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Softw. Pract. Exp."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2021.102607","article-title":"Trustworthy authorization method for security in Industrial Internet of Things","volume":"121","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vaiyapuri, T., Parvathy, V.S., Manikandan, V., Krishnaraj, N., Gupta, D., and Shankar, K. (2021). A novel hybrid optimization for cluster-based routing protocol in information-centric wireless sensor networks for IoT based mobile edge computing. Wirel. Pers. Commun., 1\u201324.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-021-08088-w"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2020.105889","article-title":"Cost-effective IoT devices as trustworthy data sources for a blockchain-based water management system in precision agriculture","volume":"180","author":"Pincheira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1109\/MIC.2021.3059320","article-title":"Trustworthy Digital Twins in the Industrial Internet of Things with Blockchain","volume":"26","author":"Suhail","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Comput."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133577","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3010313","article-title":"An energy efficient routing protocol based on improved artificial bee colony algorithm for wireless sensor networks","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2693","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2021.3065323","article-title":"A novel trust-aware and energy-aware clustering method that uses stochastic fractal search in IoT-enabled wireless sensor networks","volume":"16","author":"Hriez","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2021.08.017","article-title":"EDGF: Empirical dataset generation framework for wireless sensor networks","volume":"180","author":"Sah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-020-01721-5","article-title":"Hybrid WGWO: Whale grey wolf optimization-based novel energy-efficient clustering for EH-WSNs","volume":"2020","author":"Rathore","year":"2020","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1972.1054809","article-title":"The reduced nearest neighbor rule (corresp.)","volume":"18","author":"Gates","year":"1972","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCB.2003.816922","article-title":"Knowledge discovery in medical and biological datasets using a hybrid Bayes classifier\/evolutionary algorithm","volume":"33","author":"Raymer","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part B (Cybern.)"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2712560","article-title":"Semisupervised deep reinforcement learning in support of IoT and smart city services","volume":"5","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2020.105507","article-title":"Multiclass classification of dry beans using computer vision and machine learning techniques","volume":"174","author":"Koklu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2007.09.060","article-title":"On field calibration of an electronic nose for benzene estimation in an urban pollution monitoring scenario","volume":"129","author":"Massera","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/20\/7820\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:54:28Z","timestamp":1760144068000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/20\/7820"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s22207820"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22207820","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]}}}