{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:20:23Z","timestamp":1760232023140,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,15]],"date-time":"2022-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004895","name":"\u201cFondo Social Europeo\u201d FSE","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","PRE2020-092762","PID2019-107335RA-I00","PID2019-107335RA-I00","2021010102","EIS-2021-10","101026739"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","PRE2020-092762","PID2019-107335RA-I00","PID2019-107335RA-I00","2021010102","EIS-2021-10","101026739"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004895","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"\u201cFondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional\u201d FEDER","award":["AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","PRE2020-092762","PID2019-107335RA-I00","PID2019-107335RA-I00","2021010102","EIS-2021-10","101026739"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","PRE2020-092762","PID2019-107335RA-I00","PID2019-107335RA-I00","2021010102","EIS-2021-10","101026739"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011033","name":"\u201cAgencia Canaria de Investigaci\u00f3n Innovaci\u00f3n y Sociedad de la Informaci\u00f3n\u201d ACIISI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","PRE2020-092762","PID2019-107335RA-I00","PID2019-107335RA-I00","2021010102","EIS-2021-10","101026739"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","PRE2020-092762","PID2019-107335RA-I00","PID2019-107335RA-I00","2021010102","EIS-2021-10","101026739"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011033","name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","PRE2020-092762","PID2019-107335RA-I00","PID2019-107335RA-I00","2021010102","EIS-2021-10","101026739"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","PRE2020-092762","PID2019-107335RA-I00","PID2019-107335RA-I00","2021010102","EIS-2021-10","101026739"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme","award":["AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","PRE2020-092762","PID2019-107335RA-I00","PID2019-107335RA-I00","2021010102","EIS-2021-10","101026739"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","PRE2020-092762","PID2019-107335RA-I00","PID2019-107335RA-I00","2021010102","EIS-2021-10","101026739"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study experimentally and numerically validates the commonly employed technique of laser-induced heating of a material in optical temperature sensing studies. Furthermore, the Er3+-doped glass microspheres studied in this work can be employed as remote optical temperature sensors. Laser-induced self-heating is a useful technique commonly employed in optical temperature sensing research when two temperature-dependent parameters can be correlated, such as in fluorescence intensity ratio vs. interferometric calibration, allowing straightforward sensor characterization. A frequent assumption in such experiments is that thermal homogeneity within the sensor volume, that is, a sound hypothesis when dealing with small volume to surface area ratio devices such as microresonators, but has never been validated. In order to address this issue, we performed a series of experiments and simulations on a microsphere supporting whispering gallery mode resonances, laser heating it at ambient pressure and medium vacuum while tracking the resonance wavelength shift and comparing it to the shift rate observed in a thermal bath. The simulations were done starting only from the material properties of the bulk glass to simulate the physical phenomena of laser heating and resonance of the microsphere glass. Despite the simplicity of the model, both measurements and simulations are in good agreement with a highly homogeneous temperature within the resonator, thus validating the laser heating technique.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22207831","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T03:43:58Z","timestamp":1665978238000},"page":"7831","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Experimental and Numerical Validation of Whispering Gallery Resonators as Optical Temperature Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Franzette","family":"Paz-Buclatin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica, Universidad de La Laguna, Apdo. 456, E-38200 San Crist\u00f3bal de La Laguna, Spain"}]},{"given":"Ylenia","family":"Perera-Su\u00e1rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica, Universidad de La Laguna, Apdo. 456, E-38200 San Crist\u00f3bal de La Laguna, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5446-2612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inocencio R.","family":"Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica, Universidad de La Laguna, Apdo. 456, E-38200 San Crist\u00f3bal de La Laguna, Spain"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"R\u00edos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica, Universidad de La Laguna, Apdo. 456, E-38200 San Crist\u00f3bal de La Laguna, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8851-2008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omar","family":"de Varona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica, Universidad de La Laguna, Apdo. 456, E-38200 San Crist\u00f3bal de La Laguna, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5141-2943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Air\u00e1n","family":"R\u00f3denas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica, Universidad de La Laguna, Apdo. 456, E-38200 San Crist\u00f3bal de La Laguna, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2085-6936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leopoldo L.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica, Universidad de La Laguna, Apdo. 456, E-38200 San Crist\u00f3bal de La Laguna, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Universitario de Estudios Avanzados (IUdEA), Universidad de La Laguna, Apdo. 456, E-38200 San Crist\u00f3bal de La Laguna, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matt.2020.07.008","article-title":"Whispering-Gallery Sensors","volume":"3","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Matter"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.21.000453","article-title":"Ultimate Q of optical microsphere resonators","volume":"21","author":"Gorodetsky","year":"1996","journal-title":"Opt. 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