{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T09:59:36Z","timestamp":1770285576025,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,15]],"date-time":"2022-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","award":["PNURSP2022R40"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2022R40"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major health problem that can lead to vision loss if not treated early. In this study, a three-step system for DR detection utilizing optical coherence tomography (OCT) is presented. First, the proposed system segments the retinal layers from the input OCT images. Second, 3D features are extracted from each retinal layer that include the first-order reflectivity and the 3D thickness of the individual OCT layers. Finally, backpropagation neural networks are used to classify OCT images. Experimental studies on 188 cases confirm the advantages of the proposed system over related methods, achieving an accuracy of 96.81%, using the leave-one-subject-out (LOSO) cross-validation. These outcomes show the potential of the suggested method for DR detection using OCT images.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22207833","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T03:43:58Z","timestamp":1665978238000},"page":"7833","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Detection of Diabetic Retinopathy Using Extracted 3D Features from OCT Images"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Elgafi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Mathematical Physics Research Group, Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6838-8211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Sharafeldeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioImaging Laboratory, Bioengineering Department, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6084-3622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Elnakib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioImaging Laboratory, Bioengineering Department, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Elgarayhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Mathematical Physics Research Group, Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6421-6001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norah S.","family":"Alghamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Sciences, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2063-8979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Sallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Mathematical Physics Research Group, Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt"},{"name":"Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology, New Damietta 34517, Egypt"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7264-1323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayman","family":"El-Baz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioImaging Laboratory, Bioengineering Department, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.5114\/ceji.2019.87070","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of curcumin in eye diseases","volume":"44","author":"Hyc","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cent. 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