{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:21:12Z","timestamp":1760232072393,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,15]],"date-time":"2022-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Constanta Maritime University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article presents a technique for transforming the polarization of a pyramidal horn antenna by adding multiple layers of frequency-selective surfaces in front of the aperture, in order to rotate the direction of the electric field. Thus, two orthogonal components with the same magnitude, phase-shifted by 90\u00b0, are generated. Each frequency-selective surface consists of skewed \u03bb\/2 dipoles. Compared to other similar structures, our antenna system combines the field radiated from the horn aperture with the field scattered by parallel frequency-selective surface structures spaced on the same principle as that for designing a Yagi-Uda antenna array. The proposed horn antenna with multiple frequency-selective surfaces can be used as a feed element for a parabolic reflector antenna for maritime satellite communication systems in the X-band or in the lower part of the Ku band, or as part of a sensor for finding the direction of arrival of a wave, in order to orientate an antenna system. The concept was successfully validated on the basis of simulation and measurements. The proposed technique provides a close to unit axial ratio together with a 3 dB increase in gain compared to the conventional horn antenna, at low manufacturing costs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22207838","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T03:43:58Z","timestamp":1665978238000},"page":"7838","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Transforming Linear to Circular Polarization on Horn Antennas by Using Multiple-Layer Frequency Selective Surfaces"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3784-3576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adelaida","family":"Heiman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Constanta Maritime University, 900663 Constanta, Romania"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 061071 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9253-6256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Razvan D.","family":"Tamas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Constanta Maritime University, 900663 Constanta, Romania"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 061071 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"033002","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6463\/ac2c36","article-title":"A comprehensive survey on \u201cCircular Polarized Antennas\u201d for existing and emerging wireless communication technologies","volume":"55","author":"Nadeem","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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