{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:22:18Z","timestamp":1760232138291,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,15]],"date-time":"2022-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002631","name":"Gachon University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GCU-202205680001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GCU-202205680001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002631","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study considers a detection scheme for cooperative multi-input\u2013multi-output (MIMO) systems using one-bit analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) in a decode-and-forward (DF) relay protocol. The use of one-bit ADCs is a promising technique for reducing the power consumption, which is necessary for supporting future wireless systems comprising a large number of antennas. However, the use of a large number of antennas remains still limited to mobile devices owing to their size. Cooperative communication using a DF relay can resolve this limitation; however, detection errors at the relay make it difficult to employ cooperative communication directly. This difficulty is more severe in a MIMO system using one-bit ADCs due to its nonlinear nature. To efficiently address the difficulty, this paper proposes a detection scheme that mitigates the error propagation effect. The upper bound of the pairwise error probability (PEP) of one-bit ADCs is first derived in a weighted Hamming distance form. Then, using the derived PEP, the proposed detection for the DF relay protocol is derived as a single weighted Hamming distance. Finally, the complexity of the proposed detection is analyzed in terms of real multiplications. The simulation results show that the proposed detection method efficiently mitigates the error propagation effect but has a relatively low level of complexity when compared to conventional detection methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22207843","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T03:43:58Z","timestamp":1665978238000},"page":"7843","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Cooperative DF Protocol for MIMO Systems Using One-Bit ADCs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9629-7413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tae-Kyoung","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2014.6894453","article-title":"Millimeter-Wave Massive MIMO: The Next Wireless Revolution?","volume":"52","author":"Swindlehurst","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2787460","article-title":"Millimeter-Wave Massive MIMO Communication for Future Wireless Systems: A survey","volume":"20","author":"Busari","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tut."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2186","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2015.2494600","article-title":"Uplink Achievable Rate for Massive MIMO Systems With Low-Resolution ADC","volume":"19","author":"Fan","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4075","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2017.2706179","article-title":"Channel Estimation and Performance Analysis of One-Bit Massive MIMO systems","volume":"65","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4038","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2017.2691318","article-title":"Throughput Analysis of Massive MIMO Uplink with Low-Resolution ADCs","volume":"16","author":"Jacobsson","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2003.819238","article-title":"User Cooperation Diversity Part II: Implementatoin Aspects and Performance Analysis","volume":"51","author":"Sendonaris","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2880","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2010.062910.091583","article-title":"Perforamnce Analysis of Maximum Likelihood Detectin for Decode and Forward MIMO Relay Channels in Rayleigh Fading","volume":"9","author":"Sharma","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2012.2227521","article-title":"Low-Complexity Decoding in DF MIMO Relaying System","volume":"62","author":"Bansal","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3632","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2012.083112.112053","article-title":"Mitigating Error Propagation for Wireless Network Coding","volume":"11","author":"Guan","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2006.1673090","article-title":"Modulation and Demodulation for Cooperative Diversity in Wireless Systems","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"94","article-title":"Low-Complexity Detection Scheme for Cooperative MIMO Systems with Decode-and-Forward Relays","volume":"63","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2541","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2015.2508786","article-title":"Bayes-Optimal Joint Channel-and-Data Estimation for Massive MIMO with Low-Precision ADCs","volume":"64","author":"Wen","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5498","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2015.2455527","article-title":"Capacity Analysis of One-Bit Quantized MIMO Systems with Transmitter Channel State Information","volume":"63","author":"Mo","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4624","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2017.2715006","article-title":"Analysis of One-Bit Quantized Precoding for the Multiuser Massive MIMO Downlink","volume":"65","author":"Saxena","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2016.2619343","article-title":"Uplink Performance of Wideband Massive MIMO with One-Bit ADCs","volume":"16","author":"Choi","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1962","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2017.2720978","article-title":"Bayesian Optimal Data Detector for mmWave OFDM System with Low-Resolution ADC","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2984","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2018.2816585","article-title":"Multipair Massive MIMO Relaying Systems With One-Bit ADCs and DACs","volume":"66","author":"Kong","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Sig. Process."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3088","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-com.2018.6270","article-title":"Full-duplex massive MIMO Relaying Systems with Low-Resolution ADCs over Rician Fading Channels","volume":"13","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IET Commun."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24343","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2900273","article-title":"Achievable Rates for Full-Duplex Massive MIMO Systems with Low-Resolution ADCs\/DACs","volume":"7","author":"Dai","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, S., Liu, X., Cao, J., and Zhang, Y. (2021). Low-Resolution ADCs for Two-Hop Massive MIMO Relay System under Rician Channels. Entropy, 23.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-150349\/v1"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2016.2643631","article-title":"One-Bit Transceiver Cluster for Relay Transmission","volume":"21","author":"Cao","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2559","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2019.2933965","article-title":"Supervised-Learning for Multi-Hop MU-MIMO Communications with One-Bit Transceivers","volume":"37","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2018.2886330","article-title":"A Supervised-Learning Detector for Multihop Distributed Reception Systems","volume":"68","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Tech."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4509","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2018.2827028","article-title":"One-Bit Sphere Decoding for Uplink Massive MIMO Systems with One-Bit ADCs","volume":"17","author":"Jeon","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9067","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2022.3174714","article-title":"Performance Bound for MIMO Systems using One-Bit ADCs over Rayleigh Fading Channels","volume":"71","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Tech."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2806","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2005.850352","article-title":"On the Sphere-Decoding Algorithm I. Expected Complexity","volume":"53","author":"Hassibi","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3380","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2010.090210.091464","article-title":"Mitigating Error Propagation in Two-Way Relay Channels with Network Coding","volume":"9","author":"Nguyen","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1109\/T-WC.2009.080048","article-title":"MIMO-Assisted Hard versus Soft Decoding-and-Forwarding for Network Coding Aided Relaying Systems","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3062","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.2004.838089","article-title":"Cooperative Diversity in Wireless Networks: Efficient Protocols and Outage Behavior","volume":"50","author":"Laneman","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/20\/7843\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:54:48Z","timestamp":1760144088000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/20\/7843"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,15]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s22207843"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22207843","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,15]]}}}