{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T15:48:45Z","timestamp":1761061725744,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,16]],"date-time":"2022-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002383","name":"King Saud University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RSP2022R474"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSP2022R474"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002383","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, a folded slot-based multiple-input\u2013multiple-output (MIMO) antenna design for Cube Satellite (CubeSat) applications is presented for the ultra-high frequency (UHF) band. A unique combination of a reactively loaded meandered slot with a folded structure is presented to achieve the antenna\u2019s miniaturization. The proposed antenna is able to operate over a wide frequency band from 430~510 MHz. Moreover, pattern diversity is achieved by the antenna\u2019s element placement, resulting in good MIMO diversity performance. The four elements are placed on one Unit (1U) for CubeSat dimensions of 100 mm \u00d7 100 mm \u00d7 100 mm. The miniaturized antenna design with pattern diversity over a wide operating band is well suited for small satellite applications, particularly CubeSats in the UHF band.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22207855","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T03:43:58Z","timestamp":1665978238000},"page":"7855","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Miniaturized Folded-Slot CubeSat MIMO Antenna Design with Pattern Diversity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4665-0095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rifaqat","family":"Hussain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Department, King Fahd University for Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khaled","family":"Aljaloud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, Muzahimiyah Branch, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abida Shaheen","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Faculty of Engineering, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6917-9518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah M.","family":"AlGarni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Department, King Fahd University for Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8143-7981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali H.","family":"Alqahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, Muzahimiyah Branch, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1186-2250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul","family":"Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Faculty of Engineering, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8511-6701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yosef T.","family":"Aladadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9652-5973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saad I.","family":"Alhuwaimel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 12354, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9730-4622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niamat","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smart Device Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, S., Theoharis, P.I., Raad, R., Tubbal, F., Theoharis, A., Iranmanesh, S., Abulgasem, S., Khan, M.U.A., and Matekovits, L. (2022). A Survey on CubeSat Missions and Their Antenna Designs. Electronics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics11132021"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45289","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3066632","article-title":"Antenna designs for CubeSats: A review","volume":"9","author":"Abulgasem","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caizzone, S., Sch\u00f6nfeldt, M., Elmarissi, W., and Circiu, M.-S. (2021). Antennas as Precise Sensors for GNSS Reference Stations and High-Performance PNT Applications on Earth and in Space. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21124192"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21914","DOI":"10.1002\/mmce.21914","article-title":"Planar circularly polarized X-band array antenna with low sidelobe and high aperture efficiency for small satellites","volume":"29","author":"Ta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. RF Microw. Comput. Aided Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1928","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2004.832330","article-title":"Bandwidth enhancement and further size reduction of a class of miniaturized slot antennas","volume":"52","author":"Behdad","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"565","article-title":"Design of miniaturized slot antennas","volume":"4","author":"Azadegan","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Propag. Soc. Int. Symp."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1109\/APS.2002.1016915","article-title":"Miniaturized folded-slot: An approach to increase the bandwidth and efficiency of miniaturized slot antennas","volume":"4","author":"Azadegan","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Propag. Soc. Int. Symp."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2012.2227104","article-title":"Development of a low-profile circularly polarized cavity-backed antenna using HMSIW technique","volume":"61","author":"Razavi","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2435","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2007.904086","article-title":"Bandwidth enhancement of miniaturized slot antennas using folded, complementary, and self-complementary realizations","volume":"55","author":"Azadegan","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Che, J.K., Chen, C.C., and Johnson, J.T. (2017, January 19\u201324). A 6\u201340 GHz CubeSat antenna system. Proceedings of the 2017 11th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP), Paris, France.","DOI":"10.23919\/EuCAP.2017.7928375"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lokman, A.H., Soh, P.J., Azemi, S.N., Lago, H., Yatim, M.A., Aziz, M.E., and Al-Hadi, A.A. (2016, January 11\u201313). A flexible deployable CubeSat antenna. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference on Applied Electromagnetics (APACE), Langkawi, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/APACE.2016.7915860"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nieto-Peroy, C., and Emami, M.R. (2019). CubeSat Mission: From Design to Operation. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9153110"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s12243-018-0674-z","article-title":"A high gain S-band slot antenna with MSS for CubeSat","volume":"74","author":"Tubbal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Telecommun."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greco, F., Boccia, L., Arnieri, E., and Amendola, G. (2019). A Ka-Band Cylindrical Paneled Reflectarray Antenna. Electronics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics8060654"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandez, L., Sobrino, M., Ruiz-de-Azua, J.A., Calveras, A., and Camps, A. (2022). Design of a Deployable Helix Antenna at L-Band for a 1-Unit CubeSat: From Theoretical Analysis to Flight Model Results. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22103633"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abulgasem, S., Tubbal, F., Raad, R., Theoharis, P.I., Liu, S., and Ali Khan, M.U. (2021). A Wideband Metal-Only Patch Antenna for CubeSat. Electronics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10010050"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, S., Raad, R., Theoharis, P.I., and Tubbal, F.E. (2020). A Printed Yagi Antenna for CubeSat with Multi-Frequency Tilt Operation. Electronics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9060986"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dicandia, F.A., Fonseca, N.J.G., Bacco, M., Mugnaini, S., and Genovesi, S. (2022). Space-Air-Ground Integrated 6G Wireless Communication Networks: A Review of Antenna Technologies and Application Scenarios. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22093136"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakayama, D., Yamauchi, T., Masui, H., Kim, S., Toyoda, K., Malmadayalage, T.L.D., Cho, M., and The BIRDS-4 Project Team (2022). On-Orbit Experimental Result of a Non-Deployable 430-MHz-Band Antenna Using a 1U CubeSat Structure. Electronics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics11071163"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.26866\/jees.2021.4.r.38","article-title":"Miniaturized MIMO Antenna with Low Inter-radiator Transmittance and Band Rejection Features","volume":"21","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Electromagn. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.26866\/jees.2020.20.2.83","article-title":"Analysis of the envelope correlation coefficient of MIMO antennas connected with suspended lines","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Electromagn. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iffat Naqvi, S., Hussain, N., Iqbal, A., Rahman, M., Forsat, M., Mirjavadi, S.S., and Amin, Y. (2020). Integrated LTE and Millimeter-Wave 5G MIMO Antenna System for 4G\/5G Wireless Terminals. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20143926"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/20\/7855\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:55:07Z","timestamp":1760144107000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/20\/7855"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,16]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s22207855"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22207855","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,16]]}}}