{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T08:21:50Z","timestamp":1765354910586,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,16]],"date-time":"2022-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union","award":["H2020-EU.1.3.1","813483","335788","332017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2020-EU.1.3.1","813483","335788","332017"]}]},{"name":"European Training Networks Funding Scheme","award":["H2020-EU.1.3.1","813483","335788","332017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2020-EU.1.3.1","813483","335788","332017"]}]},{"name":"Research and Innovation Programme","award":["H2020-EU.1.3.1","813483","335788","332017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2020-EU.1.3.1","813483","335788","332017"]}]},{"name":"the Finnish Academy","award":["H2020-EU.1.3.1","813483","335788","332017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2020-EU.1.3.1","813483","335788","332017"]}]},{"name":"Finnish Pediatric Foundation","award":["H2020-EU.1.3.1","813483","335788","332017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2020-EU.1.3.1","813483","335788","332017"]}]},{"name":"Aivos\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","award":["H2020-EU.1.3.1","813483","335788","332017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2020-EU.1.3.1","813483","335788","332017"]}]},{"name":"Sigrid Juselius Foundation","award":["H2020-EU.1.3.1","813483","335788","332017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2020-EU.1.3.1","813483","335788","332017"]}]},{"name":"HUS Children\u2019s Hospital, HUS diagnostic center research funds","award":["H2020-EU.1.3.1","813483","335788","332017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2020-EU.1.3.1","813483","335788","332017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Long-term EEG monitoring in neonatal intensive care units (NICU) is challenged with finding solutions for setting up and maintaining a sufficient recording quality with limited technical experience. The current study evaluates different solutions for the skin\u2013electrode interface and develops a disposable EEG cap for newborn infants. Several alternative materials for the skin\u2013electrode interface were compared to the conventional gel and paste: conductive textiles (textured and woven), conductive Velcro, sponge, super absorbent hydrogel (SAH), and hydro fiber sheets (HF). The comparisons included the assessment of dehydration and recordings of signal quality (skin interphase impedance and powerline (50 Hz) noise) for selected materials. The test recordings were performed using snap electrodes integrated into a forearm sleeve or a forehead band along with skin\u2013electrode interfaces to mimic an EEG cap with the aim of long-term biosignal recording on unprepared skin. In the hydration test, conductive textiles and Velcro performed poorly. While the SAH and HF remained sufficiently hydrated for over 24 h in an incubator-mimicking environment, the sponge material was dehydrated during the first 12 h. Additionally, the SAH was found to have a fragile structure and was electrically prone to artifacts after 12 h. In the electrical impedance and recording comparisons of muscle activity, the results for thick-layer HF were comparable to the conventional gel on unprepared skin. Moreover, the mechanical instability measured by 1\u20132 Hz and 1\u201320 Hz normalized relative power spectrum density was comparable with clinical EEG recordings using subdermal electrodes. The results together suggest that thick-layer HF at the skin\u2013electrode interface is an effective candidate for a preparation-free, long-term recording, with many advantages, such as long-lasting recording quality, easy use, and compatibility with sensitive infant skin contact.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22207869","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T05:08:02Z","timestamp":1665983282000},"page":"7869","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Developing Disposable EEG Cap for Infant Recordings at the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Amirreza","family":"Asayesh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BABA Center, Pediatric Research Center, Department of Clinical Neurophysiology and Pediatrics, Children\u2019s Hospital and HUS Imaging, Helsinki University Central Hospital, HUS, 00029 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elina","family":"Ilen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Design, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland"},{"name":"School of Industrial, Aerospace and Audiovisual Engineering of Terrassa-ESEIAAT, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, BarcelonaTech, 08222 Terrassa, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marjo","family":"Mets\u00e4ranta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BABA Center, Pediatric Research Center, Department of Clinical Neurophysiology and Pediatrics, Children\u2019s Hospital and HUS Imaging, Helsinki University Central Hospital, HUS, 00029 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9771-7061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sampsa","family":"Vanhatalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BABA Center, Pediatric Research Center, Department of Clinical Neurophysiology and Pediatrics, Children\u2019s Hospital and HUS Imaging, Helsinki University Central Hospital, HUS, 00029 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0987-7053(99)80051-3","article-title":"Electroencephalography of the premature and term newborn. 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